• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.465-472
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• 1999

The aim of this study was to determine the shear bond properties of four dentin bonding systems to internal cervical dentin, and to investigate the effect of the pretreatment for removing smear layer and position of dentin on shear bond strength of dentin bonding agents. The materials tested in this study were consisted of four commercially available dentin bonding systems[Allbond 2(AB), Clearfil Linerbond 2(CL), Optibond FL(OP), Scotchbond Multi-purpose(SB)], a restorative light-cured composite resin[Z100]J and a chelating agent[RC-prep(RC)]. Fifty-six freshly extracted human molars were used in this study. Dentin specimens were prepared by first cutting the root of the tooth 1mm below the cementoenamel junction with a diamond bur in a high speed handpiece under air-water coolant, and then removing occlusal part at pulp horn level by means of a second parallel section, The root canal areas were exposed by means of cutting the dent in specimens perpendicular to the root axis. Dentin specimens were randomly assigned to two groups(pretreated group, not-pretreated group) based on the pretreatment method of dentin surface. In pretreated group, RC was applied to dentin surface for 1minute and then rinsed with NaOCl. In not-pretreated group, dentin surface was rinsed with saline Each groups were subdevided into four groups according to dentin bonding systems. Four dentin bonding systems and a restorative resin were applied according to the directions of manufacturer. The dentin-resin specimens were embedded in a cold cure acrylic resin, and were cut with a low speed diamond saw to the dimension of $1{\times}1mm$. The cut specimens were divided into three groups according to the position of internal cervical dentin. The shear bond properties of dentin-resin specimens were measured with Universal testing machine (Zwick, 020, Germany) with the cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. From this experiment. the following results were obtained : 1. In case of shear bond strength, there was no significant difference among dentin bonding systems in not-pretreated groups, whereas in pretreated groups, the shear bond strengths of AB and of SB were statistically significantly higher than those of CL and of OP. 2. The shear bond strengths of AB and of SB in pretreated groups were significantly higher than those in not-pretreated groups. 3. The shear bond strengths of radicular layer of OP were higher than those of occlusal layer of OP in not-pretreated groups, and of AB in pretreated groups. The shear bond strengths of radicular layer of AB and of CL in not-pretreated groups were higher than those in pretreated group.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.215-220
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• 1994

Pollen-derived embryos cultured on the hormone-free medium showed a low germination frequency (12.5%) and poor growth response after germination. The greatest frequency of germination (81.3%) was obtained from the embryos cultured on medium with 0.3mg/L GA$_3$.The greatest frequency of generation (81.3) was obtained from embryos cultured on medium with 0.3mg/L GA$_3$. The embryos precultured for 20 days on medium with 0.3mg/L GA$_3$were transferred to the medium with various combination of hormones such as IAA, kinetin, zeatin, 6-benzylaminopurin (BA) and Gh$_3$. The germination frequency of cotyledonary stage embryos showed above 72% on media with all of the hormonal combinations, but the embryos germinated on medium with 2mg/L BA or 0.1mg/L kinetin and 0.3mg/L GA$_3$ developed more vigorously into plantlets than those of other hormonal combinations. Torpedo-stage embryos cultured on medium with 0.3 mg/L Gh$_3$ were pretreated for 8 weeks at 2-week intervals at 4$^{\circ}C$, The germination frequency of the cold-preheated embryos increased with the increment of pretreatment period from 2 to 8 weeks. The greatest frequency of germination (73.3%) was obtained from the embryos pretreated for 8 weeks at 4$^{\circ}C$. The chromosomes of the root-tip cells of W plane grown for 40 days after germination were observed. Most of the regenerated plants were haploid (55.8%) or diploid (315%), but triploid (1.3%), tetraploid (5.2%), or aneuploid (6.5%) were also detected among them.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.75-84
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• 1992

The paper manufactories in Sangpyeong Industrial Estates, Chinju, produce more than 80 tons of paper-mill sludge cakes every day, which costs about 840 million won for dump per year. Since the paper-mill sludge is biodegradable, the sludge can he utilized as an organic fertilizer if it is properly decomposed. This may lead to not only dramatic cut of the treatment cost but prevention from secondary environmental contamination due to dump. The primary objective of the study was to explore the quantitative range of major enviromental parameters influencing early composting of paper-mill cakes, naturally pretreated in warn and cold weather. The automatically-controlled reactor was designed, manufactured, and operated for nine days to decompose about 2201 of raw sludge cakes. Four tests(Test 1-Test 4) were implemented for the study of Phase I. Treatments of two levels of initial temperature (40˚C and 28˚C) and two levels of water content + C/N ratio (35% + 40 and 63% + 80) were made to test the significance of their parameters for decomposition of raw sludge cakes pretreated in warm weather. Another four tests (Test 5- Test 8) were implemented for the study of Phase II. Treatments of initial temperature and water content(W/C) + C/N ratio of raw sludge pretreated in cold weather were made to 16˚C and 13% +58 for Test 5, 6˚C and 53% +55 for Test 6, 7˚C and 36% +81 for Test 7, 31˚C and 30% +81 for Test 8. Natural weater condition(pretreatment condition) revealed the importance m composting of the paper-mill sludge cakes. Combination of water content adjustment to about 30% with C/N ratio amendment of about 20 and initial temperature of 30~40˚C was concluded to be the best for early composting of paper-mill sludge cakes with aeration rate and pH fixed. Temperature and C/N ratio were adapted as judging variables for composting degree. In addition, tests for microbial activity were performed to validate the experimental results. Since the temperature and C/N ratio did not coincide in some tests as judging variables for the maturity of the composting sludges, taking one of these parameters could mislead the concept of the maturity (composting conceptually new criterion to provide more reliable information for early composting of paper-mill sludge cakes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1948-1953
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• 2014

This study examined changes in antioxidant activity as well as contents of rosmarinic acid, homoplantaginin, and luteolin, which is the main substance of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SPR) known to have anti-inflammatory efficacy, according to drying, blanching, and fermentation conditions. Rosmarinic acid content was 16.42 mg/g upon hot-air drying and 10.19 mg/g upon hot-air drying after blanching, and there was no significant difference in the case of leaf and root freezing or cold-air drying. Rosmarinic acid content was 8.69 and 8.15 mg/g in the case of air-drying in the shade and freeze-drying, respectively, and decreased to 0.05 mg/g or undetected after fermentation. SPR processed by freeze-drying, cold-air drying in the shade, and hot-air drying showed ABTS radical scavenging ability over 98.5% at a concentration over $500{\mu}g/mL$ as well as excellent radical scavenging ability of 87.3% in the case of hot-air drying after blanching. Root showed lower ABTS radical scavenging ability than leaves. SOD-like activity was measured to be 6.1~27.8% at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, which was significantly difference from ABTS radical scavenging ability. As rosmarinic acid and homoplantagine, an anti-inflammatory material contained in SPR, are almost undetectable after oxidation fermentation during processing, hot-air drying after blanching or drying seems to be suitable to develop SPR as a functional substance.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.196-203
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• 2005

Gunggui-tang has been used for the therapy of blood disorders in Hangbang medicine for long time. Also, Glycyrrhiza uralensis has been used for deficientblood patterns with an irregular pulse or palpitations, coughing and wheezing, and heat or cold in the lungs. Melanogenesis is a physiological process resulting in the synthesis of melanin pigments. We investigated whether the water extract of Gunggui-tang plus G. uralensis inhibited melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Because the molecular events connecting the regulation in tyrosinase activity remain to be elucidated, we also aimed to determine whether Gunggui-tang gamibang(GTG) affects tyrosinase at the gene activation level in the cells. First, we showed that GTG inhibited the tyrosinase promoter activity and further, down-regulated the tyrosinase protein activity in ${\alpha}-melanocyte-stimulating$ hormone $({\alpha}-MSH)-treated$ B16 melanoma cells. GTG also resulted in a decrease of melanin content in MSH-induced melanogenesis, indicating that GTG may be a useful drug in studying the regulation of melanogenesis. The pretreatment of GTG significantly prevented phosphotransferase activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1) and transcriptional activation of activating protein-1 (AP-1) in MSH-treated B16 melanoma cells. These findings indicate that GTG inhibits melanogenesis of B16 melanoma cells via suppression of phosphotransferase activity of JNK1 and transcriptional activation of AP-1.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of dopaminergic drugs and the role of specific dopamine(DA) receptors on the release of TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$. Serum TSH levels (cold-induced, $4{^{\circ}C}$) were determined using RIA(radioimmunoassay) at 30 min after administration of dopamine agonists and antagonists. Serum $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels were detected after these dopaminergic drugs were administered subcutaneously twice a day for a week. The results of the study are summarized as follows : Apomorphine, a nonspecific DA receptor agonist, produced a dose-depedent decrease in serum TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels. However, only low doses (0.3, 1.0mg/kg) of SKF38393, a specific $D_1$-receptor agonist, produced a decrease in serum lelvels of TSH. I,Y171555, a specific $D_2$-receptor agonist, produced a dose dependent decrease in serum TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels. However, SCH23390, a specific $D_1$-receptor antagonist, produced a decrease except in serum T levels which were increased dose dependently. High doses (1.0, 3.0mg/kg) of sulpiride, a specific $D_2$-receptor antagonist, made a increase in the serum levels of TSH and $T_3$. The effects of dopaminergic drugs in serum TSH and $T_4$ levels was potentiated by the pretreatment of apomorphine. The overall results of this study suggest that the regulation of TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ secretion were mediated via specific $D_1$ and $D_2$ receptor.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.196-205
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate a method for improving the physical and mechanical properties of laminated board made from oil palm trunk (OPT). The effects of pretreating the lamina with heat-pressure and altering the lamina composition of the laminated board were investigated. The outer third of OPT in cross-section had high-density wood, while the underlying third had low to medium density. The hot press was applied to pretreat the lamina that had low to medium density. The lamina were 1.5 cm in thickness, 5 cm in width, and 65 cm in length. The hot press was applied at 2.94 MPa or 4.41 MPa at 150 ℃ for 60 minutes, and the target thickness of the lamina was 1 cm. The three layers of the laminated board samples were bonded with isocyanate adhesive at a glue spread of 300 g/㎡ and cold pressed at 0.98 MPa for 3 h. The laminated board samples were tested according to Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2003. The results showed that the densification of the inner lamina did not significantly affect the physical-mechanical properties of the laminated board produced. However, the laminated board made with high-density laminas for the outer layers fulfilled the JAS 234-2003 standard for the modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rupture.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.663-668
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• 2011

Galgeun-tang (GGT) has been a great source for treating cold diseases in the folk medicine recipe. Carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) is one type of hepatotoxin that can eventually cause liver injury. During the experiment, we first studied the protective effects of GGT against $CC_4$-induced hepatotoxicity. GGT was pretreated for 3 h, and 1% $CCl_4$ was added to mouse primary liver cells. After 4 h, ROS generation and expression of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) were analyzed by FACS and real time PCR. Also, the activities of ALT and LDH were measured using cultured medium. The hepatic levels of TNF-alpha and iNOS, which are related to inflammation and stress response gene, HSP72 and HO-1 were analyzed by PCR or real time PCR. Liver tissues were analyzed by HE stain. From the observation, we discovered that GGT treatment protects $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity, and that GGT pretreatment decreases ROS generation, TNF-alpha and iNOS expression. However, gene expression of CAT, SOD, GPx, HSP72 and HO-1 were increased by GGT. These results lead to the conclusion that GGT has protective effects against $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.582-593
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• 2022

Among abiotic stresses in plants, drought and chilling stresses reduce the supply of moisture to plant tissues, inhibit photosynthesis, and severely reduce plant growth and yield. Thus, the application of water stress-tolerant agents can be a useful strategy to maintain plant growth under abiotic stresses. This study assessed the effect of exogenous bio-based 2,3-butanediol (BDO) application on drought and chilling response in tomato and turfgrass, and expression levels of several plant signaling pathway-related gene transcripts. Bio-based 2,3-BDOs were formulated to levo-2,3-BDO 0.9% soluble concentrate (levo 0.9% SL) and meso-2,3-BDO 9% SL (meso 9% SL). Under drought and chilling stress conditions, the application of levo 0.9% SL in creeping bentgrass and meso 9% SL in tomato plants significantly reduced the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses. Interestingly, pretreatment with levo-2,3-BDO in creeping bentgrass and meso-2,3-BDO in tomato plants enhanced JA and SA signaling pathway-related gene transcript expression levels in different ways. In addition, all tomato plants treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl (as a positive control) withered completely under chilling stress, whereas 2,3-BDO-treated tomato plants exhibited excellent cold tolerance. According to our findings, bio-based 2,3-BDO isomers as sustainable water stress-tolerant agents, levo- and meso-2,3-BDOs, could enhance tolerance to drought and/or chilling stresses in various plants through somewhat different molecular activities without any side effects.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2023

Objective : Gardeniae Fructus (GF) is the ripe fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellisa with a bitter taste and cold properties. Ingredient compounds including geniposide are known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of GF on tBHP-induced PC12 cells. Methods : Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay, and apoptosis was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression level of each protein was monitored by Western blot analysis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed using DCFH-DA. Results : In PC12 cells, tBHP induced cell death through apoptosis with caspase activation and PARP inactivation. Cells treated with tBHP showed an increase in intracellular ROS and depletion of GSH. Pretreatment with GF prevented tBHP-induced apoptosis, reduced ROS, and increased GSH. GF also maintained increased Nrf2 expression in the presence of tBHP. Phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK was increased by tBHP, whereas phosphorylation of ERK was decreased. GF restored changes in ERK and p38 phosphorylation, but not JNK phosphorylation. Conclusion : These results indicate that GF has neuroprotective effects through anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects mediated by regulation of Nrf2 expression and phosphorylation of ERK and p38. It also demonstrates the potential use of GF as a source of antioxidant and neuroprotective substances.