• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.295-302
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• 2008

Until the middle of the 20th century, exogenous febrile disease was the most common disease that threatened the human health. For a long time, oriental medicine doctors developed many ways to cure this disease by studying pathogenic factors. The phthogenic factors and treatments of exogenous febrile disease with time are as followings. "Naegyeong(內經)" : Cold pathogen. Diaphoretic therapy, purgation therapy. Hwata : Cold pathogen. Diaphoretic therapy, emetic therapy, purgation therapy. Jangjunggyeong(張仲景) : Cold pathogen. Eight principal therapeutic methods except diaphoretic therapy with pungent and cool properties. Yuhagan(劉河間) : Fire pathogen. Diaphoretic therapy with pungent and cool properties. Idongwon(李東垣) : Improper diet and overstrain. Reinforcing therapy. Ouga(吳又可) : Epidemic pathogenic factors. Diaphoretic therapy with pungent and cool properties, Heat-reducing therapy. purgation therapy Seopcheonsa(葉天士) : Warm pathogen. diaphoretic therapy, Heat-reducing therapy, expel Heat therapy, cooling the blood and eliminating stagnation of blood. Oguktong(吳鞠通) : Six pathogenic factors. Eight principal therapeutic methods including diaphoretic therapy with pungent and cool properties.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2017

This study utilized Corpus-based Analysis process to compare the Cold Pathogen chapter in the 'English version of "Donguibogam"' to the 'English version of the "Shanghanlun"' translated by 罗希文 (Luo xi wen). Results of the linguistic analysis indicate that TTR, a ratio of number of types to number of tokens in the English version of "Shanghanlun" was 5.92% while TTR in the Cold pathogen chapter of English version of "Donguibogam" was 6.01%. It was also noted that the types of words frequently appearing in the two publications were the scientific name of medicinal herbs; the method of producing the herbal prescription (including terminology representing weights and measures); and Chinese descriptions of concepts considered important in both Korean and Chinese medicinal practices. Finally, it was possible to find points of comparison in naming of symptoms, diagnosis, prescriptions, and respective names of six meridians. Though the language difference is minimal, the vocabulary found in the Cold Pathogen chapter of "Donguibogam" was more diverse than Luo's translation of "Sanghanlun". In general, literal translation in keeping with the sense of original text was better performed in Luo's translation of the "Sanghanlun" whereas the English version of the Cold Pathogen chapter in the "Donguibogam" was more of a "free" translation.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.17-33
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• 2019

Objectives : The verse, "冬不藏精, 春必病溫", which had much influence, has been falsely referenced as contents of "Neijing". This study aims to examine this process, while looking at its theoretical meaning within clinical practice. Methods : The origins of the concept "冬不藏精, 春必病溫" are explained through annotations of "Neijing" and Li Dong Yuan(李東垣)'s interpretation of Shanghan(傷寒), while its clinical meaning is examined through theories of doctors's who applied the concept in their practices. Results : The beginning of "冬不藏精, 春必病溫" could be traced back to Li's annotation of the verse "冬傷于寒, 春必病溫" from the "Neijing", where he based his understanding on the concept "少陰不藏." Since then, the discourse on "冬傷于寒, 春必病溫" has been replaced by "冬不藏精, 春必病溫" as a new concept to explain the pathology of Wenbing(溫病). These discussions followed the line of thought that by failure to store Jing(精) during the winter, Cold pathogen would infiltrate, hiding itself in Shaoyin(少陰). Various arguments on how the Cold pathogen would develop into Wenbing and its treatment followed. Conclusions : "冬不藏精, 春必病溫" can be understood as the result of a new interpretation of "冬傷于寒, 春必病溫" through the perspective of Cold pathogen infiltration based on "少陰不藏".

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.121-136
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to derive the features of cold damage clinical medicine during the early days of the Chosun(朝鮮) period by analyzing discussions on cold damage published in the official medical book of the Chosun period, Compendium of Prescription from the Countryside(鄕藥集成方, CPC). Cold damage was one of the typical diseases in East Asia where there was constant seeking of the utilization of prescriptions, ways of preparations, and awareness regarding cold damage as shown in Zhang, Zhongjing(張仲景)'s Treatise on Cold Damage Disease(傷寒論, TCDD) below. Traditional Korean medicine which possessed the medical universality of East Asia also was no exception and through an analysis of the part on cold damage in CPC, it is expected that medical features of cold damage in Korea passed down from the Koryo(高麗) Dynasty to the early Chosun period will be revealed. For this, first there needs to be an organization of past discussions on cold damage surrounding the existence of infection and after checking the issues, exploring which of the writings related to TCDD and editions are being utilized through an analysis on citing literature of Cold Damage Disease Literature(傷寒門) and Heat Pathogen Disease Literature(熱病門) which have developed discussions on cold damage in CPC. In addition, by comparing Peaceful Holy Benevolent Prescription(太平聖惠方, PHBP) and Complete Record of Sacred Benevolence(聖濟總錄, CRSB), known to have greatly influenced CPC and Cold Damage Literature and Heat Pathogen Disease Literature, features of form and content used by CPC were analyzed. Features of form were examined through pattern of organization and number of citing literature were examined and for features of content, cold damage infection, classification, syndrome differentiation method, and utilization of materia medica among prescriptions were examined. Discussions on cold damage as being uninfectious as stated in Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases(諸病源候論) unlike pestilence, epidemic pathogen(時氣), warm pathogen disease(溫病), and heat pathogen disease were excluded in PHBP. PHBP opened the possibility of cold damage infection and later writings, CRSB and CPC also follow this. As a result of analyzing citing literature of the part on cold damage in CPC, it is uncertain which edition of TCDD is being utilized; however, the most distinctive feature was that Classified Emergency Materia Medica(證類本草) and not writings specializing in cold damage are in use. In general, although CPC in terms of form is similar to CRSB, content creation predominantly depended on PHBP. More specifically; first, in terms of the existence of cold damage infection, arguments of PHBP and CRSB are maintained. Second, in terms of cold damage classification, although CRSB is followed, heat pathogen disease is classified separately developing PHBP as is. Third, in terms of method, as Book of Keep Healthy(南陽活人書) and CRSB compiled in later times are cited, it is deemed that arguments were raised to a certain extent regarding six-meridian syndrome differentiation(六經辨證). Fourth, although the majority of utilized materia medica among cold damage prescriptions utilize Materia Medica from the Countryside(鄕藥本草) in CPC and materia medica from Korean Peninsula, this is due to the desire for the compilation performance of CPC to be propagated to ordinary citizens and not the ruling class. CPC as the official medical book compiled in the early days of the Chosun period was greatly influenced by the Song(宋) Dynasty's medical books, PHBP and CRSB shows that cold damage medicine in the early Chosun Period indeed possesses the medical universality of East Asia. Furthermore, the features of published medical theory and prescriptions reveal the existence of the cold damage medical tradition of the Chosun period serving as clues for cold damage research tradition among Korea's medical history.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.8-19
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• 2017

This study on "Wenbingtiaobian" covers identifying pattern of prescription, understanding system of multiple syndrome differentiations, characteristics of treatment and medicinal substances. The source books are "Korean translation of Wenbingtiaobian", "Modern Shanghanlun", "Jinkuiyaolueyishi", "Chinese Medicine Formulas". "Wenbingtiaobian" has system of multiple patterns including three energizer syndrome differentiation, classification of disease, six meridian syndrome differentiation and wei-qi-ying-xue syndrome differentiation. That describes cause, location, nature, power and transmutation of disease. Wei-qi-ying-xue pattern is meaningful to warm-heat disease and three energizer pattern is relevant to dampness-heat disease. The warm disease shows mostly yang brightness bowel syndrome and patterns of three yin viscera. In aspect of the heat disease, qi aspect pattern makes up the largest number of syndrome differentiation and have sometimes with bowel excess or fluid deficiency. And treatment for wei aspect pattern is primarily 'outthrust the pathogen with pungent-cool'. Deficiency cold pattern and cold pattern with dampness occupy most of cold patterns. And many dampness patterns are dampness-heat pattern in middle energizer and 'inhibited lung qi transforming' is major mechanism. Patterns with fluid deficiency in qi aspect syndrome appear mostly in upper or middle energizer and in xue aspect syndrome appear mostly in lower energizer and they form 20% of all syndrome differentiations. The treatment of clearing heat uses pungent-cool(cold) for upper energizer, sweet-cold for middle energizer, sweet(salty)-cold for lower energizer. The treatment of tonifying yin uses mostly salty-cold for middle or lower energizer. The treatment of outthrusting pathogen is applied to all the wei-qi-ying-xue aspect combined with other treatments by using pungent-cool(cold) and light herbs. Understanding diseases in the respect of syndrome differentiation can enhance understanding of modern diseases from a perspective of Korean Traditional Medicinal(KTM) and can make clinical application of KTM treatments easy. Data from this study are expected to be basic for standardization and systemization of KTM.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.733-739
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• 2008

It was said that the epigastric region was the outbreak region of chest bind on Shanghanlon. But successive medical men annotated the epigastric region as the chest, which caused the misunderstanding that chest bind was a chest trouble. However Youzaijing, a medical man in Qing dynasty, presented that the epigastric region meant stomach and the middle of stomach did intestines, comparing Dachengqi-tang with Daxianxiong-tang. This view agreed with Huatuo's six-region-transmutation theory. Taojiean and Zhangjingyue also criticized on the six-meridian-transmutation theory, proposing that the change of cold damage didn't go by the fixed rules. This reflected the oriental medical pathologic view that pathogen invaded and advanced to the weak region by the relations between healthy qi and pathogen, and it criticized on the doctrinarian interpretation of Shanghanlon as Neijing. Huatuo insisted that stomach was the final stage of cold damage by presenting that theory. And this theory became a philological basis on Youzaijing's pathologic view.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.409-417
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• 2012

External pathogens such as wind, cold can easily invade the external parts of the body when host's external defense ability is not secure. Herein, we consider the underlying mechanisms against the external contraction at the body surface. During the early period after primary invasion, external defense mechanisms are gradually activated. The classic clinical manifestations are aversion to cold, fever, headache, generalized pain, and nasal congestion. This condition is called by invasion of external pathogen into the body surface. As the disease progress, lung qi is stagnated and thereby up-outward and downward movement action of lung become disturbed. Therefore, when doctor administrate formula to treat the exterior syndrome, doctor must keep in mind not only materia medica, but also underlying mechanisms through which many clinical symptoms appear.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.227-233
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• 2007

We characterized a full-length cDNA of CaCOP1 from pepper. Phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequence of CaCOP1 cDNA revealed high sequence similarity to the COP1 gene in Oryza sativa (84% identity). CaCOP1 shares high sequence identity with regulatory protein in Arabidopsis (84%), constitutively photomorphogenic 1 protein in Pisum sativum (81%) and COP1 homolog in Lycopersicon esculentum (79%). CaCOP1 gene exists single copy in the chili pepper genome. Expression of CaCOP1 was reduced in response to inoculation of non-host pathogens. The expression of this gene under abiotic and oxidative stresses was investigated, including 200 mM NaCl, 200 mM mannitol, cold ($4^{\circ}C$), 100 ${\mu}M$ abscisic acid (ABA), and 10 mM hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$). CaCOP1 was induced significantly 3 h after low temperature treatment but not by dehydration or high salinity. Moreover, CaCOP1 was not induced by plant hormone ABA. These observations suggest that CaCOP1 gene plays a role in abiotic stress and may be belong to ABA-independent regulation system.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.99-120
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• 2014

Purpose : There are two types of sleep disturbance: inability to sleep (不眠) and somnolence (多眠). This study is to examine treatments of the two types of sleep disturbance in the Books of Cold Damage and how those theories were established and formed. Methods : 1. Verses including the words related to inability to sleep and somnolence were extracted from "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases" (傷寒論). 2. Among the Books on Cold Damages that are classified according to the symptoms, 17 books with contents related to inability to sleep and somnolence were selected to collect and classify data in three perspectives: mechanism of disease (病機), method of treatment (治法) and disease pattern (病證). 3. Data collected through the above methods were compared and diagramed. Results & Conclusions : 1. On Cold Damage, inability to sleep is mostly rooted when human body lacks yin energy while having excessive yang energy (陽盛陰虛) due to fire and heat (火熱). The reason could be misuse of perspiration inducing method (汗法) or purgation (下法) on the doctors' part. 2. On Cold Damage, somnolence is rooted when pathogen (邪氣) is spread to yin meridians (陰經) and the human body lacks yang while having excessive yin energy (陰盛陽虛) or when heat (熱邪) is invaded into interior parts (裏部). 3. Many scholars of Cold Damage in later periods had copied the "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases" for treatments of sleep disturbance but many others have applied the verses from "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases" or added new treatments. Do jeol-am (陶節庵) and Wang Geung-dang (王肯堂) particularly had deep understanding on "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases" and utilized the content freely or suggested new remedies because they had thorough knowledge on relating formula as well.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.169-185
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• 2007

Objectives : The studies on variation in diagnosis on the neck and nuchal pain has not been done thoroughly as we can use it in clinical practice of these days. For this reason, I examined the variation in diagnosis mentioned in the classics of Oriental Medicine as the preceding study on standardization of variation in diagnosis on neck and nuchal pain. Methods : I gathered the twenty kinds of classics of Oriental Medicine that were computerized, the textbooks on Oriental Medicine which are being used these days, and the theses on current clinical research. After gathering these data, I analyzed these according to the variation in diagnosis. Results : The classics of Oriental Medicine on the neck and nuchal pain mentioned very much about the neck and nuchal pain occurred by the pathogenic factor of Wind, Cold, and Dampness, disharmony created by deficiency of Liver and Kidney, and pathogenic state of Meridians of Taiyang. According to the texts of these days, the differentiation of syndromes can be divided into four kinds of items such as Wind-Cold pathogen, Wind-Dampness pathogen, Phelgm-Heat, and disharmony between Qi and Blood. The theses of these days rarely mentioned about variation in diagnosis on the neck and nuchal pain. Conclusions : The differentiation of syndromes on the neck and nuchal pain can be divided into four kinds items as affection by exopathogen like Wind, Cold, Dampness, Heat, and so on, stagnation of Qi and the coagulation blood, deficient syndrome of Liver and Kidney, and deficient syndrome of Qi and Blood.