• Title/Summary/Keyword: coal-bearing basin

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A Review on Coal Exploration in Indonesia: The Cases of Korean Public-private Cooperation (인도네시아 석탄 탐사에 관한 고찰: 해외자원개발 조사사업 지원사례들)

  • Choi, Younggi;Kim, Byounghan;Song, Younghyun;Keum, Gyojin;Sung, Junyoung;Seo, Changwon
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.55 no.2
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    • pp.149-169
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    • 2022
  • Indonesia coal is widely consumed as a major energy source in Asian countries, such as China, India, and Korea. In the paper, the characteristics of the coal-bearing basin and coal deposits in Indonesia are comprehensively reviewed using the exploration data accumulated through the coal exploration projects supported by Korean government subsidy. Cenozoic coal bearing sedimentary basins in Indonesia extensively contain coal deposits and are most productive in East Asia. Properties of coal deposits are variable depending on stratigraphy, depositional histories and tectonics. Eocene coal deposits tend to have thinner coal thickness and fewer numbers of coal seams, but have been major exploration targets due to higher calorific value and good coal quality. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene coal deposits occur in small scales, but are suitable enough for small to medium-sized coal mines. Miocene-Pliocene coal deposits, which are widely distributed across East Kalimantan and Sumatra, are being actively mined by taking advantage of thick coal thickness and abundant reserves in spite of their lower calorific values. The experience of various exploration informs that we need to have an overall understanding on geological conditions for successful coal exploration. The details on coal-bearing basin and coal deposits in Indonesia provided through the paper will be useful data for up-coming exploration activities by Korean companies.

Paleoenvironmental Factor on the Fossil Woods from the Lower and Upper Coal-bearing Formations of the Janggi Group (Miocene) of Korea (포항 분지 장기층군의 하부 및 상부 함탄층(마이오세)의 화석목재에 나타난 고환경 요인)

  • Park, No-Tae;Kim, Jong-Heon
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp.573-583
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    • 2010
  • A paleobotanical study of the fossil woods has been carried out from the Tertiary Janggi Group, Pohang Basin. Three species belonging to three genera of Ulmus sp., Prunus sp., and Acer sp. were identified from the Lower Coalbearing Formation, and two species of two genera of Taxodioxylon sp. and Fagus hondoensis (Watari) from the Upper Coal-bearing Formation. As our specimens are mostly poorly preserved, it is difficult to give clear specific names, but mostly are all characteristic constitutional elements of the Miocene fossil woods in Korea. The values of mean sensitivity measured from the fossil woods of Lower and Upper Coal-bearing Formations are 0.367 and 0.370 respectively, but they are more than 0.30. Based on the present two data mentioned above, it stands to reason that there were many changes in the water supply to the roots of the woods or having influence to some degree each year because of the seasonal changes in rainfall.

Rare Earth Elements (REE)-bearing Coal Deposits: Potential of Coal Beds as an Unconventional REE Source (함희토류 탄층: 비전통적 희토류 광체로서의 가능성에 대한 고찰)

  • Choi, Woohyun;Park, Changyun
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.55 no.3
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    • pp.241-259
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    • 2022
  • In general, the REE were produced by mining conventional deposits, such as the carbonatite or the clay-hosted REE deposits. However, because of the recent demand increase for REE in modern industries, unconventional REE deposits emerged as a necessary research topic. Among the unconventional REE recovery methods, the REE-bearing coal deposits are recently receiving attentions. R-types generally have detrital originations from the bauxite deposits, and show LREE enriched REE patterns. Tuffaceous-types are formed by syngenetic volcanic activities and following input of volcanic ash into the basin. This type shows specific occurrence of the detrital volcanic ash-driven minerals and the authigenic phosphorous minerals focused at narrow horizon between coal seams and tonstein layers. REE patterns of tuffaceous-types show flat shape in general. Hydrothermal-types can be formed by epigenetic inflow of REE originated from granitic intrusions. Occurrence of the authigenic halogen-bearing phosphorous minerals and the water-bearing minerals are the specific characteristics of this type. They generally show HREE enriched REE patterns. Each type of REE-bearing coal deposits may occur by independent genesis, but most of REE-bearing coal deposits with high REE concentrations have multiple genesis. For the case of the US, the rare earth oxides (REO) with high purity has been produced from REE-bearing coals and their byproducts in pilot plants from 2018. Their goal is to supply about 7% of national REE demand. For the coal deposits in Korea, lignite layers found in Gyungju-Yeongil coal fields shows coexistence of tuff layers and coal seams. They are also based in Tertiary basins, and low affection from compaction and coalification might resulted into high-REE tuffaceous-type coal deposits. Thus, detailed geologic researches and explorations for domestic coal deposits are required.

Geochemistry of Trace and Rare Earth Elements from Coal-bearing Metapelites of the Ogcheon Supergroup at the Hoenam Area, Korea (회남지역(懷南地域)의 옥천누층군(沃川累層群)에 분포(分布)하는 탄질(炭質) 변성이질암(變成泥質岩)의 미량(微量) 및 희토류원소(稀土類元素) 지화학(地化學))

  • Lee, Hyun Koo;Lee, Chan Hee
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.689-698
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    • 1996
  • The coal-bearing metapelites from the Hoenam area are interbedded within the Ogcheon Supergroup, which are composed mainly of graphite, quartz, muscovite and associated with trace amount of biotite, chlorite, pyrite, rutile and barite. Although the formation was mined for coal, and the contents of V, U and Mo are a higher grade in coal formations than the host metapelites. The ratios of Al/Na and K/Na in coal formation are very heterogeneous and wide range from 10.28 to 90.91 and from 3.73 to 36.60, respectively. The V content increase with increasing Al and Ba contents, but the U and Mo are not related with other elements. Those are suggested that controlled of mineral compositions in coaly metapelites due to substitution, migration and reequilibrium of elements by regional metamorphism. These coal formation were deposited in basin of marine environments and the REE of these rocks are not influenced with metamorphism and hydrothermal alterations on the basis of Al content versus La, La against Ce, the ratios of La/Ce (0.23 to 0.73) and Th/U (0.03 to 16.6). These rocks also show much variation in $La_N/Yb_N$ (0.53 to 14.19), Th/Yb (0.51 to 6.00) and La/Th (0.15 to 18.92), and their origin is explained by derivation from a mixture of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. The wide range in trace and REE element characteristics as Co/Th (0.07 to 3.00), La/Sc (0.04 to 23.48), Sc/Th (0.06 to 7.57), V/Ni (2 to 3319), Cr/V (0.03 to 1.06) and Ni/Co (1.00 to 79.85) of these coaly metapelites argues for inefficient mixing of the various source lithologies during sedimentation.

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Paleotemperatire of the Lower Permian Jangseong Formation, jangseong Area, Taebaegsan Basin (Baegunsan Synclin) (태백산분지 (백운산 향사대) 장성지역에 분포하는 하부페름기 장성층의 고지온)

  • 유인창
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.293-306
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    • 1999
  • The lower Permian jungseong Formation, Taebaegsan basin (Baegunsan Syncline), represents a coal-bearing siliciclastic succession which was later modified by the Songrim or Dabo orogeny. Sandstone perography and clay mineralogy were studied to understand the thermal history of the Jangseong Formation during basin evolution. Petrographic study indicates the Jangseong sandstones are composed of quartz, feldspar, lithic fragments (metamorphic and sedimetary), and varying proportions of matrix and cement. The dominance of quartz(<97%) over feldspar (<1%) and lithic fragments (<2%) classifies most Jangseong sandstones as quartz arenotes or quartzwackes, but lithic graywackes and sublithic arenite locally occur. The diagentic features of these sandstones include mechanical compaction, cemenation by quartz and clay minerals indentified in the Jangseong Formation by X-ray diffraction analysis are late-stage clay pore-filling. Clay minerals isdentified in the Jangseong Formation by X-ray diffaction analysis are illite, kaolinte, and pyrophyllite with a minor amount of chlorite and micas. The illite, kaolinite, and pyrophyllite appear to be largely autjigenic based on their well-crystallinity forms. There authigenic clay minerals form clay minerals form clay coats/rims and late-stage pore-filling cements, Illitecrystallinity shows that the Jangseong formation has been in late-diagenetic zone to early-epizone, which ranges in temperature from $200^{\circ}C$ to $300^{\circ}C$. In assition, kaolinite-pyrophyllite transition suggests that paleotemperature of the formation has reached at least $265^{\circ}C$. Such temperatureis likely to be consistent with homogenixation temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz veins in the formation. Thus, the Jangseong Formation has been subjected to paleotemperature of about $265^{\circ}C$. The major heat source responsible for paleotemperature may be hydrothermal solutions. The passage of hydrothermal solutions was probably assisted by fractures created during the basin-modifying tectonism of the taebaegsan basin.

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Palaeomagnetism of Tertiary Basins in Southern Korea: 1. Changgi Basin (남한 제3기 분지지역에 대한 고자기 연구: 1. 장기지역)

  • Kim, In-Soo;Kang, Hee-Cheol
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.357-367
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    • 1996
  • A total of 113 samples (basalts, tuffs, and siltstones from coal-bearing sediments) was collected from 14 sites of the Tertiary Changgi basin in southeastern Korea, and studied palaeomagnetically. Site-mean declination of the ChRM from 5 sites was found to be deflected clockwise about $30^{\circ}$. Other 5 sites showed no vertical-axis deflection of ChRM direction. In consideration of previous palaeomagnetic data from other Tertiary basins in the vicinity, it is interpreted that the deflection of ChRM directions has been caused by NNW-SSE simple shear associated with the opening of the East Sea, and the time of rotation should be about 16 Ma. Other 2 sites showed counterclockwise deflection of site-mean ChRM. These sites might be located among lager tectonic blocks which were rotating clockwise. AMS (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) study revealed $NE{\rightarrow}SW$ directed magnetic lineation at two tuffaceous sites. This might indicate flow direction of tuffs during the time of deposition. Most of the other sites showed load-foliation lying subparallel to the bedding plane. This must have been caused by gravitational loading acted vertically to the strata.

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Situation of Geological Occurrences and Utilization, and Research Trends of North Korean Coal Resources (북한 석탄 자원의 부존 및 활용현황과 연구동향)

  • Sang-Mo Koh;Bum Han Lee;Otgon-Erdene Davaasuren
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.57 no.3
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    • pp.281-292
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    • 2024
  • North Korea relies heavily on coal as the primary energy source, playing an important role in all energy demand sectors except for the transportation sector. Approximately half of the total electricity is generated through coal-fired power plants, and coal is used to produce heat and power for all industrial facilities. Furthermore, coal has been a significant contributor to earning foreign currency through long-term exports to China. Nevertheless, since the 1980s, indiscriminate mining activities have led to rapid depletion of coal production in most coal mines. Aging mine facilities, lack of investment in new equipment, shortages of fuel and electricity, difficulties in material supply, and frequent damage from flooding have collectively contributed to a noticeable decline in coal production since the late 1980s. North Korea's coal deposits are distributed in various geological formations from the Proterozoic to the Cenozoic, but the most critical coal-bearing formations are Ripsok and Sadong formations distributed in the Pyeongnam Basin of the Late Paleozoic from Carboniferous to Permian, which are called as Pyeongnam North and South Coal Fields. Over 90% of North Korea's coal is produced in these coal fields. The classification of coal in North Korea differs from the international classification based on coalification (peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite). North Korean classification based on industrial aspect is classified into bituminous coal, anthracite, and low-grade coal (Chomuyeontan). Based on the energy factor, it is classified into high-calorie coal, medium calorie coal, and low-calorie coal. In North Korea, the term "Chomuyeontan" refers to a type of coal that is not classified globally and is unique to North Korea. It is a low-grade coal exclusively used in North Korea and is not found or used in any other country worldwide. This article compares North Korea's coal classification and the international coal classification of coal and provides insights into the geological characteristics, reserves, utilization, and research trends of North Korean coal resources. This study could serve as a guide for preparing scientific and industrial agendas related to coal collaboration between North Korea and South Korea.

Interpretation of Origin and Methanogenic Pathways of Coalbed Gases from the Asem-Asem Basin, Southeast Kalimantan, Indonesia (인도네시아 칼리만탄 남동측에 위치하는 아셈-아셈분지 석탄층 가스의 기원과 메탄생성경로 해석)

  • Chun, Jong-Hwa;Hwang, In Gul;Lee, Wonsuk;Lee, Taehun;Kim, Yuri
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.55 no.3
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    • pp.261-271
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    • 2022
  • Six gas samples were collected from coal and coaly shale from core AA-1, which was acquired from the Asem-Asem Basin, southeast Kalimantan, Indonesia. These coalbed gas samples were analyzed for the molecular composition, carbon isotope (δ13CCH4, δ13CC2, and δ13CCO2), hydrogen isotope (δDCH4), hydrocarbon index (CHC), and carbon dioxide-methane index (CDMI) to document their origin and methanogenic pathways. Core AA-1 successively consists of lower clastic sedimentary rocks (Sedimentary Unit-1, SU-1) containing coal and coaly shale, and upper limestone (Sedimentary Unit-2, SU-2), unconformably underlain by serpentinized basement interpreted as part of the Cretaceous Meratus subduction complex (MSC). The coal and coaly shale (SU-1) were deposited in a marshes nearby a small-scale river. Compositions of coalbed gases show that methane ranges from 87.35 to 95.29% and ethane ranges from 3.65 to 9.97%. Carbon isotope of coalbed methane (δ13CCH4) ranges from -60.3 to -58.8‰, while hydrogen isotope (δDCH4) ranges from -252.9 to -252.1‰. Carbon isotope of coalbed ethane (δ13CC2) ranges from -32.8 to -31.2‰, carbon isotope of coalbed carbon dioxide (δ13CCO2) ranges from -8.6 to -6.2‰. The coalbed CO2 is interpreted to be an abiogenic origin based on a combination of δ13CCO2 and CDMI and could have been transported from underlying CO2 bearing MSC through faults. The methanogenic pathways of coalbed gases are interpreted to have originated from primary methyl-type fermentation and mixed with CO2 reduction, affecting thermogenic non-marine coal-type gases based on analyses of isotopic ratios and various indexes.

Lithologic and Structural Controls and Geochemistry of Uranium Deposition in the Ogcheon Black-Slate Formation (옥천대(沃川帶) 우라늄광층(鑛層)의 구조규제(構造規制) 및 지구화학적(地球化學的) 특성연구(特性硏究))

  • Lee, Dai Sung;Yun, Suckew;Lee, Jong Hyeog;Kim, Jeong Taeg
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.19 no.spc
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    • pp.19-41
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    • 1986
  • Structural, radioactive, petrological, petrochemical, mineralogical and stable isotopic study as well as the review of previous studies of the uranium-bearing slates in the Ogcheon sequence were carried out to examine the lithological and structural controls, and geochemical environment in the uranium deposition in the sequence. And the study was extended to the coal-bearing formation (Jangseong Series-Permian) to compare the geochemical and sedimentologic aspects of uranium chemistry between Ogcheon and Hambaegsan areas. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The uranium mineralization occurs in the carbonaceous black slates of the middle to lower Guryongsan formation and its equivalents in the Ogcheon sequence. In general, two or three uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds are found with about 1 to 1.5km stratigraphic interval and they extend from Chungju to Jinsan for 90km in distance, with intermittent igneous intrusions and structural Jisturbances. Average thickness of the beds ranges from 20 to 1,500m. 2. These carbonaceous slate beds were folded by a strong $F_1$-fold and were refolded by subsequent $F_1$-fold, nearly co-axial with the $F_1$, resulting in a repeated occurrence of similar slate. The carbonaceous beds were swelled in hing zones and were shrinked or thined out in limb by the these foldings. Minor faulting and brecciation of the carbonaceous beds were followed causing metamorphism of these beds and secondary migration and alteration of uranium minerals and their close associations. 3. Uranium-rich zones with high radioactive anomalies are found in Chungju, Deogpyong-Yongyuri, MiwonBoun, Daejeon-Geumsan areas in the range of 500~3,700 cps (corresponds to 0.017~0.087%U). These zones continue along strike of the beds for several tens to a few hundred meters but also discontinue with swelling and pinches at places that should be analogously developed toward underground in their vertical extentions. The drilling surveyings in those area, more than 120 holes, indicate that the depth-frequency to uranium rich bed ranging 40~160 meter is greater. 4. The features that higher radioactive anomalies occur particularly from the carbonaceous beds among the argillaceous lithologic units, are well demonstrated on the cross sections of the lithology and radioactive values of the major uranium deposits in the Ogcheon zone. However, one anomalous radioactive zone is found in a l:ornfels bed in Samgoe, near Daejeon city. This is interpreted as a thermal metamorphic effect by which original uranium contents in the underlying black slate were migrated into the hornfels bed. 5. Principal minerals of the uranium-bearing black slates are quartz, sericite, biotite and chlorite, and as to chemical composition of the black slates, $Al_2O_3$ contents appear to be much lower than the average values by its clarke suggesting that the Changri basin has rather proximal to its source area. 6. The uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds contain minor amounts of phosphorite minerals, pyrite, pyrrhotite and other sulfides but not contain iron oxides. Vanadium. Molybdenum, Barium, Nickel, Zirconium, Lead, Cromium and fixed Carbon, and some other heavy metals appear to be positive by correlative with uranium in their concentrations, suggesting a possibility of their genetic relationships. The estimated pH and Eh of the slate suggests an euxenic marine to organic-rich saline water environment during uranium was deposited in the middle part of Ogcheon zone. 7. The Carboniferous shale of Jangseong Series(Sadong Series) of Permian in Hambaegsan area having low radioactivity and in fluvial to beach deposits is entirely different in geochemical property and depositional environment from the middle part of Ogcheon zone, so-called "Pibanryong-Type Ogcheon Zone". 8. Synthesizing various data obtained by several aspects of research on uranium mineralization in the studied sequence, it is concluded that the processes of uranium deposition were incorporated with rich organic precipitation by which soluble uranyl ions, $U{_2}^{+{+}}$ were organochemically complexed and carried down to the pre-Ogcheon sea bottoms formed in transitional environment, from Red Sea type basin to Black Sea type basin. Decomposition of the organic matter under reducing conditions to hydrogen sulfide, which reduced the $UO{_2}^{+2}$ ions to the insoluble uranium dioxide($UO_2$), on the other side the heavy metals are precipitated as sulfides. 9. The EPMA study on the identification of uraninite and others and the genetic interpretation of uranium bearing slates by isotopic values of this work are given separately by Yun, S. in 1984.

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Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Metapelite and Barium-Vanadium Muscovite from the Ogcheon Supergroup of the Deokpyeong Area, Korea (덕평지역(德平地域)의 옥천누층군(沃川累層群)에 분포(分布)하는 변성이질암(變成泥質岩)과 바륨-바나듐 백운모(白雲母)의 지구화학적(地球化學的) 및 광물학적(鑛物學的) 특성(特性))

  • Lee, Chan Hee;Lee, Hyun Koo
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.35-49
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    • 1997
  • The coal formation of the Deokpyeong area are interbedded along metapelites of the Ogcheon Supergroup, which are composed mainly of graphite, quartz, muscovite and associated with small amounts of biotite, chlorite, pyrite and barite. The ratios of $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$, $Al_2O_3/Na_2O$ and $K_2O/Na_2O$ of the coaly metapelite are variable and wide range from 1.80 to 10.21, from 27.8 to 388.8 and from 7.6 to 61.8, respectively. These coal formation were deposited in basin of marine environments, and the REE of these rocks are not influenced with metamorphism and hydrothermal alterations on the basis of $Al_2O_3$ versus La, La against Ce, the ratios of La/Ce (0.19 to 0.99) and Th/U (0.02 to 4.75). These rocks also show much variation in $La_N/Yb_N$ (1.19 to 22.89), Th/Yb (0.14 to 21.43) and La/Th (0.44 to 13.67), and their origin is explained by derivation from a mixture of sedimentary and igneous rocks. The wide range in trace and REE element characteristics as Co/Th (0.12 to 2.78), La/Sc (0.33 to 10.18), Sc/Th (0.57 to 5.73), V/Ni (8 to 2347), Cr/V (0.02 to 0.67) and Ni/Co (1.56 to 32.95) of these coaly metapelites argues for inefficient mixing of the various source lithologies during sedimentation. Deep to pale green barium-vanadium muscovites (vanadium-oellacherite) have been found in this coal formations. Modes of occurrence and grain size of muscovite are heterogeneous, but most of the barium and vanadium-bearing muscovites occur along the boundaries between graphite and quartz grains, ranging from 200 to $350{\mu}m$ in length and from 40 to $60{\mu}m$ in width. Results of X-ray diffraction data of the minerals characterized to be monoclinic system with $a=5.249{\AA}$, $b=8.939{\AA}$, $c=20.924{\AA}$ and ${\beta}=95.894^{\circ}$. Representative chemical formula of the muscovite was $(Na_{0.09}K_{1.44}Ba_{0.46})(Al_{2.75}Ti_{0.07}V_{0.56}Fe_{0.08}Mg_{0.50})(Si_{6.12}Al_{1.88})O_{22}$. The V possibly substitute octahedral Al, and the Ba is coupled substitution of $K^+Si^{4+}=Ba^{2+}Na^+Ca^{2+}$, which compositional ranges of V and Ba are from 0.42 to 0.69 and from 0.34 to 0.56 based on $O_{22}$, respectively. Formation mechanism of the barium-vanadium muscovites in the coaly metapelite is shown that the formed by high pressure and temperature from regional metamorphism origanated during diagenesis at the interface between a basinal brine and organic matter.

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