• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.603-612
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate the emission characteristics for PM, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ in the various stationary sources. The particulate matters collected in the various stationary sources such as power plants (Coal and B-C oil), incinerators(municipal and industrial waste), and glass furnaces. The PM and $PM_{10}$, PM and $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected using the cyclone type $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ samplers and 30 species(19 inorganic species, 9 ionic species, OC and EC) were analyzed by ICP, IC, and TOR/IMPROVE methods. The mass concentrations of PM, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ from nine stationary sources ranged $0.63{\sim}9.58mg/Sm^3$, $0.26{\sim}7.47mg/Sm^3$ and $0.13{\sim}6.34mg/Sm^3$, respectively. The level of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ portion in PM calculated 0.63~0.99, 0.38~0.94, respectively. In the case of emission trend for species, power plant showed high concentrations for Al, Mg, Na, Si, V and $SO_4{^{2-}}$, respectively. Also, Ca, Fe, K, Si, $Cl^-$, and $K^+$ showed high in incinerator. In the case of glass furnace, Na, Pb, K, Si, $Na^+$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ represented high concentrations. Power plant showed higher EC/OC concentrations than other sampling sites. These results suggest the possible role for complement establishment process of emission inventory and emission management for PM.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1111-1120
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• 1998

Spray Drying Absorber(SDA) system, where the combustion product gas is mixed with atomized limestone-slurry droplets and then the chemical reaction of $SO_2$ with alkaline components of the liquid droplets forms sulfates, has been widely used to eliminate $SO_2$ gas from coal fired power plants and waste incinerators. Liquid atomization is necessary because it can maximize the reaction efficiency by increasing the total surface area and dispersion angle of the alkaline components. First, numerical calculations using FLUENT are carried out to investigate $SO_2$ concentration distribution and thus to calculate $SO_2$ removal efficiency. So to attain the optimized spray conditions, then an electrostatic spraying system is set up and spray visualization is performed to show the effect of an electric field on overall droplet size. Next, the effect of an electric field on the concentrations of $SO_2$ is experimentally examined. Field strength is varied from -10 kV to 10 kV and configurations of conduction charging and induction charging are utilized. Consequently, the electrostatic removal efficiency of 501 increases about 30% with the applied voltage of ${\pm}10kV$ but is independent of polarity of the applied voltage. It Is also found that the conduction charging configuration results in higher efficiency of $SO_2$ removal that the induction charging configuration. Finally, the effect of slurry temperature on $SO_2$ removal is studied. The temperature influences on the electrostatic removal efficiency of $SO_2$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.719-731
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• 2003

In order to maintain and manage ambient air quality, it is necessary to identify sources and to apportion its sources for ambient particulate matters. The receptor methods were one of the statistical methods to achieve reasonable air pollution strategies. Also, receptor methods, a field of chemometrics, is based on manifold applied statistics and is a statistical methodology that analyzes the physicochemical properties of gaseous and particulate pollutant on various atmospheric receptors, identifies the sources of air pollutants, and quantifies the apportionment of the sources to the receptors. The objective of this study was 1) after obtaining results from the PMF modeling, the existing sources of air at the study area were qualitatively identified and the contributions of each source were quantitatively estimated as well. 2) finally efficient air pollution management and control strategies of each source were suggested. The PMF model was intensively applied to estimate the quantitative contribution of air pollution sources based on the chemical information (128 samples and 25 chemical species). Through a case study of the PMF modeling for the PM-10 aerosols, the total of 11 factors were determined. The multiple linear regression analysis between the observed PM-10 mass concentration and the estimated G matrix had been performed following the FPEAK test. Finally the regression analysis provided quantitative source contributions (scaled G matrix) and source profiles (scaled F matrix). The results of the PMF modeling showed that the sources were apportioned by secondary aerosol related source 28.8 ％, soil related source 16.8％, waste incineration source 11.5%, field burning source 11.0%, fossil fuel combustion source 10%, industry related source 8.3％, motor vehicle source 7.9%, oil/coal combustion source 4.4％, non-ferrous metal source 0.3％. and aged sea- salt source 0.2％, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.701-717
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to extensively estimate the air quality trends of the study area by surveying con-centration trends in months or seasons, after analyzing the mass concentration of PM-10 samples and the inorganic lements, ion, and total carbon in PM-10. Also, the study introduced to apply the PMF (Positive Matrix Factoriza-tion) model that is useful when absence of the source profile. Thus the model was thought to be suitable in Korea that often has few information about pollution sources. After obtaining results from the PMF modeling, the existing sources at the study area were qualitatively identified The PM-10 particles collected on quartz fiber filters by a PM-10 high-vol air sampler for 3 years (Mar. 1999∼Dec.2001) in Kyung Hee University. The 25 chemical species (Al, Mn, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, Ce, Pb, Si, N $a^{#}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, TC) were analyzed by ICP-AES, IC, and EA after executing proper pre - treatments of each sample filter. The PMF model was intensively applied to estimate the quantitative contribution of air pollution sources based on the chemical information (128 samples and 25 chemical species). Through a case study of the PMF modeling for the PM-10 aerosols. the total of 11 factors were determined. The multiple linear regression analysis between the observed PM-10 mass concentration and the estimated G matrix had been performed following the FPEAK test. Finally the regression analysis provided source profiles (scaled F matrix). So, 11 sources were qualitatively identified, such as secondary aerosol related source, soil related source, waste incineration source, field burning source, fossil fuel combustion source, industry related source, motor vehicle source, oil/coal combustion source, non-ferrous metal source, and aged sea- salt source, respectively.ively.y.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.558-565
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• 2002

Coal fly ash, produced from a power plant in Korea was used for the production of glass-ceramics and the physical properties of glass-ceramics were evaluated. CaO and TiO$_2$ were added into the fly ash during the melting process to reduce the viscosity of molten glass and to induce internal crystallization of glass, respectively. Glass-ceramic was produced through a single stage heat treatment (at 950∼1050$\^{C}$ for 37∼240 min) after preparing glass (iota fly ash powder. As a result, a new tiny rod type crystals (a=7.4480, b=10.7381, c=4.3940 A, $\alpha$=94.9, $\beta$=98.6, γ=108.5°) was found in the glass-ceramics, which showed attractive mechanical properties, high hardness (7.1∼7.6 GPa) and wear resistance (by erosion test). Thus a glass-ceramic produced from thermal power plant fly ash and cell as a source for CaO exhibits a suitable treatment for the recycling and exploitation of waste materials and would be acceptable for a new application far building materials.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.4 s.96
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• pp.342-348
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• 2001

The present work is to introduce the preliminary experimental results for a primary hydrocyclones process in lake sediment thickening. A few cyclones based on the Rietema standard geometry were prepared. The test particles were sediments from a local lake and waste coal fly ash for a reference test. As a result of the chemical analysis, organic contaminants were abundantly found in smaller particles in overflow. Experimental results showed that the physical characteristics of particles, configuration of the cyclone and operating variables including feed solids concentration and volumetric flow rate could affect the separation efficiency. The limiting feeding velocity for the separation and enrichment of particles was 1.5 m/s, higher separation efficiency, in general, was obtained under the high velocity with the small cyclones.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1068-1076
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• 1997

Emission control of acid exhaust gases from coal-fired power plants and waste incinerators has become an increasing concern of both industries and regulators. Among those gaseous emissions, SO$_{2}$ has been eliminated by a Spray Drying Absorber (SDA) system, where the exhaust gas is mixed with atomized limestone-water slurry droplets and then the chemical reaction of SO$_{2}$ with alkaline components of the liquid feed forms sulfates. Liquid atomization is necessary because it maximizes the reaction efficiency by increasing the total surface area of the alkaline components. An experimental study was performed with a laboratory scale SDA to investigate whether the scrubbing efficiency for SO$_{2}$ reduction increased or not with the application of a DC electric field to the limestone-water slurry. For a selected experimental condition SO$_{2}$ concentrations exited from the reactor were measured with various applied voltages and liquid flow rates. The applied voltage varied from -10 to 10 kV by 1 kV, and the volume flow rate of slurry was set to 15, 25, 35 ml/min which were within the range of emission mode. Consequently, the SO$_{2}$ scrubbing efficiency increased with increasing the applied voltage but was independent of the polarity of the applied voltage. For the electrical and flow conditions considered a theoretical study of estimating average size and charge of the atomized droplets was carried out based on the measured current-voltage characteristics. The droplet charge to mass ratio increased and the droplet diameter decreased as the strength of the applied voltage increased.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.861-869
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• 2010

The present study aims to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in roadside and residential areas of two Korean metropolitan cities (Seoul and Incheon) and a background area (Seokmolee). This purpose was established by analyzing temporal and spacial concentration distribution of total and 7 individual PAHs, which were extracted from ambient particulate matters, and by utilizing a multivariate statistical method (principal component analysis, PCA) for the qualitative determination of potential PAH sources. Target PAHs included benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene (Chr), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DahA), and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP). For all surveyed sites, the concentrations of total PAHs were higher in winter season than in other seasons. However, the concentrations of individual PAHs varied with surveyed sites. In both residential and roadside sites of Seoul and Incheon, BbF revealed the highest atmospheric levels. For all 7 target PAHs, the ambient concentrations were higher in Seoul and Incheon than in a background area (Seokmolee). In both residential and roadside areas, the concentrations of 4 target PAHs (BaA, BbF, BkF, DahA) were higher in Incheon than in Seoul. However, both the residential and roadside Chr concentrations were comparable in Seoul and Incheon. In addition, the residential IcdP concentrations were higher in Incheon than in Seoul, whereas the roadside concentrations were higher in Seoul. The roadside and residential BaP concentrations exhibited the reverse result to the IcdP concentrations. An PCA analysis suggested that atmospheric PAHs in both residential and roadside areas would be due to combined effects of several potential sources such as gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles, coal/oil combustion, and waste incineration.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.239-248
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• 2017

At the $21^{st}$ Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Climate change Conference, representatives of the 195 member countries reached an agreement requiring all participating countries, including Korea, to establish proactive measures to fight climate change. Under this vision, energy network technologies are deemed as a key site of research towards meeting this goal. Herein, the headquarters of the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) is a worthy site for carrying out energy network technology research insofar as it contains various heat sources. To prepare for this research, a study was conducted analyzing the heat sources at KIER based on measured data. The study also consisted of developeding simulation models to predict the amount of energy savings that could be derived by replacing an absorption chiller/heater with an absorption heat pump during winter seasons. In our simulation results, we observed a primary energy saving ratio of 65~72% based on the water temperature from the heat source of a coal power plant.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.252-257
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• 1994

A new hydrogen sulfide-oxidation bacterium, Thiobacillus sp. was isolated from waste coal mine water around Hawsun in Chunnam province. The isolate was motile gram-negative rod shape, formed spore and grew up to be aerobically facultative chemolithotroph by using energy released from the oxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds. It could assimilate various kinds of organic compounds and grew well upon thiosulfate-supplemented basal medium. To the lelvel of 32 mM in thiosulfate concentration, thiosulfate in itself was utilized as energy source for growth. However, from those of the higher concentration than 32 mM, thiosulfate functioned specifically as the substrate inhibitor rather than as the energy source. It was found that the optimum thiosulfate concentration for growth was 32 mM. The G+C content of the DNA was 65.0 mol%. The isolate had 16 : 1 + 17$_{cyc}$, 16 : 0 as their major non-hydroxylated cellular fatty acids, 3-OH 12 : 0 as a hydroxylated fatty acid and also contained unidentified $C_{18}$ branched fatty acid. The ubiquinone system in the respiratory chain was Q-9. Based on the physiological and biochemical characteristics, the isolate was assigned to a novel species of the genus Thiobacillus sp. iw.