• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.653-657
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• 2014

Effects of $H_2O_2$ addition for fenton oxidation on iron coagulation for treatment of phosphorus species, such as orthophosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, organic phosphate, were investigated. The effects of coagulant dosage, hydrogen peroxide dosage and the combined sequence ferric coagulation and $H_2O_2$ addition for fenton oxidation and coagulation were studied. The characteristics of floc growth rate were monitored using the PDA. The removal efficiencies of phosphorus species by iron coagulation were increased as Fe/P molar ratio increased. However, the removal efficiencies of metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, organic phosphate by a ferric coagulation were not increased as Fe/P molar ratio increased. The removal efficiency of metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, organic phosphate was increased by using iron coagulation and $H_2O_2$ addition for fenton oxidation. The result indicated that non-reactive phosphorus after iron coagulation was changed to reactive phosphorus by $H_2O_2$ addition for fenton oxidation and the oxidized iron enhanced the coagulation efficiencies.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2008

This study is about efficiency of pretreatment process and operating factor to membrane process at continuous coagulation/ultrafiltration process in water treatment. The capacity of pilot plant was $0.06{\beta}(C)/d$. The raw water used was from Nakdong stream which was characteristized by high organic matter and high turbidity. The result of the test was that coagulation is good process as to high removal rate to organic matter and turbidity but It caused problem to membrane pore blocking. This paper is to determine the membrane fouling potential under different membrane flux, backwash pressure and linear velocity. Backwash pressure and flux is important parameter on operation of membrane system. Those are directly affected on membrane system. When backwash pressure increased from 150 kPa to 200 kPa, the result showed that fouling (pressure increase rate) changed from 3.69 kPa/h to 0.93 kPa/h and the recovery rate changed from 90.7 % to 82.0 %. Linear velocity had slightly effect on fouling. Linear velocity increased from 0.2 m/s to 0.5 m/s, the corresponding pressure rate changed from 0.93 kPa/d to 0.77 kPa/d.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

This paper reports on a pilot scale comparison of PACS coagulation with and without pH preadjustment. The pH of the water was adjusted with carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. Process performance was assessed on the basis of total organic carbon(TOC), UV absorbance, turbidity and disinfection by-product(DBP) precursors. Coagulation pH appeared to be a determining factor for maximum NOM removal. The optimum coagulation pH in order to decrease TOC and turbidity were pH 7. Preadjustment of pH 7 increased TOC removal to as much as 43, 47 percent with sulfuric acid and carbon dioxide. Moreover, coagulation at pH 7 caused a reduction in UV$_{254}$, THMFP and HAAFP compared to the baseline coagulation. For preadjustment of pH 7 with carbon dioxide, the percentage of TOC, UV$_{254}$, THMFP and HAAFP shows the reduction rate of 3.8, 0.5, 4.8, 9.4％ comparing to the coagulation rendition using sulfuric acid. Acid addition to depress pH during coagulation decrease Langelier Saturation Index(LSI), potentially causing increase corrosion in water distribution systems. LSI for carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid at pH 6 was -2.3, -3.3. Therefore, carbon dioxide was more effective at controlling corrosion than sulfuric acid.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.264-274
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• 1997

A numerical analysis on condensation and coagulation of the metallic species with fly ash particles pre-existing in an incinerator was performed. Waste was simplified as a mixture of methane, chlorine, and small amounts of Pb and Sn. Vapor-phase amounts of Pb- and Sn -compounds were first calculated assuming a thermodynamic equilibrium state. Then theories on vapor-to-particle conversion, vapor condensation onto the fly ash particles, and particle-particle interaction were examined and incorporated into equations of aerosol dynamics and vapor continuity. It was assumed that the particles followed a log-normal size distribution and thus a moment model was developed in order to predict the particle concentration and the particle size distribution simultaneously. Distributions of metallic vapor concentration (or vapor pressure) were also obtained. Temperature drop rate of combustion gas, fly ash concentration and its size were selected as parameters influencing the discharged amount of metallic species. In general, the coagulation between the newly formed metal particles and the fly ash particles was much greater than that between the metal particles themselves or between the fly ash particles themselves. It was also found that the amount of metallic species discharged into the atmosphere was increased due to coagulation. While most of PbO vapors produced from the combustion were eliminated due to combined effect of condensation and coagulation, the highly volatile species, PbCl$_{2}$ and SnCl$_{4}$ vapors tended to discharge into the atmosphere without experiencing either the condensation or the coagulation. For Sn vapors the tendency was between that of PbO vapors and that of PbCl$_{2}$ or SnCl$_{4}$. To restrain the discharged amount of hazardous metallic species, the coagulation should be restrained, the number concentration and the size of pre-existing fly ash particles should be increased, and the temperature drop rate of combustion gas should be kept low.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2015

The application of coagulation for feed water pretreatment prior to microfiltration (MF) process has been widely adopted to alleviate fouling due to particles and organic matters in feed water. However, the efficiency of coagulation pretreatment for MF is sensitive to its operation conditions such as pH and coagulant dose. Moreover, the optimum coagulation condition for MF process is different from that for rapid sand filtration in conventional drinking water treatment. In this study, the use of response surface methodology (RSM) was attempted to determine coagulation conditions optimized for pretreatment of MF. The center-united experimental design was used to quantify the effects of coagulant dose and pH on the control of fouling control as well as the removal organic matters. A MF membrane (SDI Samsung, Korea) made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was used for the filtration experiments. Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) was used as the coagulant and a series of jar tests were conducted under various conditions. The flux was $90L/m^2-h$ and the fouling rate were calculated in each condition. As a result of this study, an empirical model was derived to explore the optimized conditions for coagulant dose and pH for minimization of the fouling rate. This model also allowed the prediction of the efficiency of the coagulation efficiency. The experimental results were in good agreement with the predictions, suggesting that RSM has potential as a practical method for modeling the coagulation pretreatment for MF.

• 청정기술
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.27-38
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• 2000

초고속응집침전공정(URC)은 가중응집제(WCA)를 첨가하고 슬러지를 반송시켜 응결핵으로서의 역할을 수행시킴으로서 floc의 성장속도를 향상시키고, 입자표면의 흡착을 활성화하여 유기물, 중금속, 인 등 수중에 존재하는 오염물을 보다 효율적으로 제거하며, 기존의 응집 공정에 비하여 침전성을 향상시킬 수 있다. 현재까지 하수처리장과 하천, 호소에서 수행된 URC pilot-test와 Jar-test의 결과를 비교 검토하여 가중 응집제와 반송 슬러지에 대한 오염물 제거특성에 대한 연구가 수행되었으며, 수자원의 재이용을 위한 가능성을 평가하였다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.155-166
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• 1993

Geukhachukeutang is used to cure blood stasis in Oriental Medicine. In order to investigate medical value on intravascula coagulation and contusion blood stasis, the effect of Platelet number, Fibrinogen quantity, Prothrombin time, FOP density, Paw edema increasing rate after prescribing Geukhachukeutang concentration liquid orally were observed. The obtained results are summerized as follows ; 1. Platelet number and Fibrinogen quantity are significantly increased, and Prothrombin time and FOP density are significantly decreased by Geukhachukeutang after inducing intravascula coagulation. 2. Platelet number and Fibrinogen quantity are not significantly increased, and Prothrombin time is not significantly decreased either, by Geukhachukeutang after inducing contusion blood stasis but Paw edema increasing rate is remarkablely decreased in three or four hours of the groups of prescribing. According to the above results, Geukhachukeutang will be used for contusion blood stasis and Intravascula coagulation effectively owing to being accepted as a favorable operation on Platelet number, Fibrinogen quantity, Prothrombin time, FDP density and Paw edema increasing rate.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2016

In this study, we have investigated to find optimal pre-treatment flocculation condition by analyzing the floc growth rate with mixing conditions and the membrane permeation flux for pre-treatment step of the membrane process. The higher mixing intensity showed a constant floc size index (FSI) values, and lower mixing intensity increased the degree of dispersion of the FSI values. Results of comparing the distribution characteristics of the FSI value and the permeation flux were more effective in increasing flux when the FSI values were 0.2 or higher. The degree of dispersion of FSI was relatively large in 40 rpm mixing condition compared to 120 rpm. In 40 rpm mixing condition, it decreased the permeation flux compared to 120 rpm because various sizes of flocs were distributed. Coagulation-UF membrane process enhanced 30%~40% of the flux rate compare to UF alone process, and the coagulation-MF process increased up to 5% of the flux rate compare to MF alone process. Pre-treatment, that is, coagulation process, has been found to be less effects on relatively larger pore size for MF membrane. For UF membrane, the flux was a little bit same when applying only the rapid mixing process or rapid mixing with slow mixing processes together. In case of MF membrane, the flux was improved when rapid mixing process applied with slow mixing process together.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1139-1145
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• 2008

응집-막분리 공정의 적용시 전처리 응집공정에서 응집조건에 따라 발생하는 플럭 생성특성을 파악하고 생성된 플럭 특성에 따른 막투과 플럭스의 영향을 살펴본 결과 인공시수와 낙동강 원수에서 전처리 응집공정을 적용시 급속교반 후 용존성 유기물질(자연유기물질)이 미세 플럭의 형성으로 인하여 입자상 유기물질로 전환이 발생하였으며 급속교반초기 10초 사이에 용존성 유기물이 입자상 물질로 전환되었다. 또한 응집제 주입량이 0.025 mM as Al (7.5 mg/L Alum) 이었을 경우 입자 전환율 K값이 크게 나타나고 있었으나 0.05 mM (15 mg/L Alum)이상으로 응집제 주입량이 증가할 경우 K값은 감소하였으며 0.15 mM까지 유사한 값을 보이고 있었다. 낙동강 원수를 이용하여 전처리 공정으로 응집 공정을 적용시 UF 단독공정에 비하여 투과 flux 감소는 상당히 낮게 나타났으며 투과 flux 변화는 응집공정에 의하여 형성되는 입자크기 분포에 의존하였으며 응집조건에 따른 투과 flux 실험결과 급속교반-UF공정과 급속교반-완속교반-UF공정의 투과 flux는 유사하게 나타났다. 막의 재질에 따른 투과 flux 실험결과 소수성 재질의 막에 비하여 친수성 재질의 막이 투과 flux가 높게 유지되었으며 응집제 자체의 금속성분에 의한 막오염 영향은 나타나지 않았다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.598-607
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• 2004

In this study, the effects of two pre-treatment processes were observed prior to membrane filtration: pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation. To compare the effect of two above-mentioned pre-treatments, we adopted the four schemes: first one is direct membrane filtration of river surface water, second one is membrane filtration after pre-coagulation, third one is membrane filtration after pre-ozonation and fourth one is membrane filtration after pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation. There are two exceptional characteristics in applied processes. One is the usage of the MF membrane which has high ozone resisting characteristic. Therefore, ozone resides in membrane module during filtration. The other is adoption of Jet Mixed Separator (JMS) as coagulation-sedimentation process. The change in transmembrane pressure and permeate water quality were also examined. As a result, considering the filtration performance efficiency and permeate water quality, the process composed of filtration with combination of both pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation was proved most effective. The improved efficiency was due to the reduction of loading rate of fouling inducing materials to membrane module by coagulation process as well as variable reactions, such as degradation, particle destabilization and coagulation, occurred by residual ozone in membrane module. The additional effect of pre-coagulation before pre-ozonation is suppression of AOC, one of the by-products induced by ozonation. Therefore, combination of pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation is the effective process to overcome the major de-merit of ozonation i.e. by-products formation.