• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.202-213
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• 2009

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare health related behaviors among adolescents in the rural area with those in the urban area in Korea. Methods: The data source was the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in 2005. With two stage cluster sampling, a total of 58,224 sample was selected from 799 middle and high schools nationwide. The area was classified into county area, small to medium city, and large city, and then the county area was considered as a rural area. Data was analyzed with STATA 9.0 using the method of complex survey data analysis considering sampling weight, strata, and primary sampling unit. Results: The prevalence of health related behaviors among adolescents in the rural area was higher than the city area as following health behaviors: smoking behaviors of smoking experience, smoking experience before entrance to middle school; drinking behaviors of frequent drinking, high risk behaviors with drinking; dietary behaviors of omitting of lunch or dinner, less intake of fruits or milk, more intake of cooky; oral hygiene of less tooth brushing, less preventive oral care, more oral symptoms and less dentist visit; safety behaviors of less wearing of safety belt or protective device; general hygiene of less hand washing before meal or after visiting rest room. Conclusions: The health behaviors among adolescents in the rural area were generally poorer than the city area. The results showed national health program for adolescents should be conducted primarily for those in rural areas. Further study is needed to explore the factors related with the discrepancy of health behaviors between the rural and urban area.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.29-36
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• 2013

In wireless sensor networks, energy is the most important consideration because the lifetime of the sensor node is limited by battery. Most of the existing energy efficient routing protocols use the minimum energy path to minimize energy consumption, which causes an unbalanced distribution of residual energy among nodes. As a result, the power of nodes on energy efficient paths is quickly depletes resulting in inactive. To solve these problems, a method to equalize the energy consumption of the nodes has been proposed, but do not consider the link error rate in the wireless environment. In this paper, we propose a uniform energy consumption of cluster-based multi-hop routing mechanism considering the residual energy and the link error rate. This mechanism reduces energy consumption caused by unnecessary retransmissions and distributes traffic evenly over the network because considering the link error rate. The simulation results compared to other mechanisms, the proposed mechanism is energy-efficient by reducing the number of retransmissions and activation time of all nodes involved in the network has been extended by using the energy balanced path.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.245-251
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• 1994

Ten strains of 7 species from the genus Ganoderma, G. lucidum ATCC 64251, FP-103561-T, and ES70701, G. applanatum ATCC 44053 and FP-57035-T. G. lobatum ATCC 42985, G. resinaceum ATCC 52416, G. subamboinense var. laevisporum ATCC 52420, G. meredithae ATCC 64492, and G. microsporum ATCC 76024, were studied to discuss their phylogenetic relationships by utilizing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs). Six restriction enzymes, BamHI, BglII, EcoRI, HindIII, PvuII, and XbaI which digested mtDNAs into adequate numbers of restriction fragments for cluster analysis, were used in this study. Restriction profiles of strains for each restriction enzyme were treated as analysis characters to calculate similarity coefficients, which were converted into nucleotide sequence divergence values whose mean values were then arranged in a matrix table. This table was utilized for a phylogenetic analysis using the Neighborjoining method of the PHYLIP package to construct phylogenetic tree. Three strains of G. lucidum and two strains of G. applanatum exhibited different lineages each but one of G. applanatum strains showed a close relationship with G. lobatum, which reflected the species complexity of these species whose strains were phenotypically indistinguishable but genetically distinct. The present results suggest that the natural classification of Ganoderma needs to be considered from the viewpoints of molecular biology-based systematics as well as morphological classifications and cultural identifications for better phylogenetic conclusions.

• Annual Conference of KIPS
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• 2003.11c
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• pp.1529-1532
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• 2003

최근 인터넷과 모바일 시스템이 급속히 발달함에 따라 이를 통하여 지리정보와 같은 공간데이터를 제공하는 서비스가 증가하였다. 이는 대용량 데이터에 대한 관리 및 빠른 처리와 급증하는 사용자에 대한 높은 동시처리량 및 높은 안정성을 요구하였고, 이를 해결하기 위하여 비공유 공간 데이터베이스 클러스터가 개발되었다. 비공유 공간 데이터베이스 클러스터는 고가용성을 위한 구조로서 문제가 발생할 경우 다른 백업노드가 대신하여 서비스를 지속시킨다. 그러나 기존의 비공유 공간 데이터베이스 클러스터는 클러스터 구성에 대한 회복을 위하여 로그를 계속 유지하므로 로그를 남기기 위해 보통의 질의처리 성능이 저하되었으며 로그 유지를 위한 비용이 증가하였다. 또한 노드단위의 로그를 갖기 때문에 클러스터 구성에 대한 회복이 직렬적으로 이루어져 고가용성을 위한 빠른 회복이 불가능 하였다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 비공유 공간 데이터베이스 클러스터에서 고가용성을 위한 병렬 회복 기법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 클러스터 구성에 대한 회복을 위한 클러스터 로그를 정의한다. 정의된 클러스터 로그는 마스터 테이블이 존재하는 노드에서 그룹내 다른 노드가 정지된 것을 감지할 때 남기기 시작한다. 정지된 노드는 자체회복을 마친 후 클러스터 구성에 대한 회복을 하는 단계에서 존재하는 복제본 테이블 각각에 대한 클러스터 로그를 병렬적으로 받아 회복을 한다. 따라서 정지된 노드가 발생할 경우에만 클러스터 로그를 남기므로 보통의 질의처리의 성능 저하가 없고 클러스터 로그 유지 비용이 적으며, 클러스터 구성에 대한 회복시 테이블단위의 병렬적인 회복으로 대용량 데이터인 공간데이터에 대해 빠르게 회복할 수 있어 가용성을 향상시킨다.들을 문법으로 작성하였으며, PGS를 통해 생성된 어휘 정보를 가지고 스캐너를 구성하였으며, 파싱테이블을 가지고 파서를 설계하였다. 파서의 출력으로 AST가 생성되면 번역기는 AST를 탐색하면서 의미적으로 동등한 MSIL 코드를 생성하도록 시스템을 컴파일러 기법을 이용하여 모듈별로 구성하였다.적용하였다.n rate compared with conventional face recognition algorithms. 아니라 실내에서도 발생하고 있었다. 정량한 8개 화합물 각각과 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 스피어만 상관계수는 벤젠을 제외하고는 모두 유의하였다. 이중 톨루엔과 크실렌은 총 휘발성 유기화합물과 좋은 상관성 (톨루엔 0.76, 크실렌, 0.87)을 나타내었다. 이 연구는 톨루엔과 크실렌이 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 좋은 지표를 사용될 있고, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 크실렌 등 많은 휘발성 유기화합물의 발생원은 실외뿐 아니라 실내에도 있음을 나타내고 있다.>10)의 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 얻었다. 결론: $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ 핵반응을 이용하여 친전자성 방사성동위원소 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 생산하였다. 표적 챔버는 알루미늄으로 제작하였으며 본 연구에서 연구된 $[^{18}F]F_2$가스는 친핵성 치환반응으로 방사성동위원소를 도입하기 어려운 다양한 방사성의 약품개발에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.었으나 움직임 보정 후 영상을 이용하여 비교한 경우, 결합능 변화가 선조체 영역에서 국한되어 나타나며 그 유의성이 움직임 보정 전에 비하여 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 뇌활성화 과제 수행시에 동반되는

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.447-459
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• 2017

Purpose: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of inter-connected metabolic disorders involving the glucose metabolism, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure, and abdominal obesity. The worldwide prevalence has been rapidly increasing to approximately 20~25%, and the prevalence in Korea as of 2012 was reported to be 31.3%. The association of MetS with various diseases needs to be analyzed by conducting an investigation of frequently consumed foods, such as dairy products, fish, and shellfish in prediabetic subjects. Methods: The dietary intake of subjects who met the criteria of the study from January to December 2015 was assessed using the 24-hour recall method. After adjusting the age, sex, BMI, and total energy intake, which are confounding factors that may affect the dietary intake of the subjects, the associations of dairy products, fish, and shellfish intake with the MetS risk factors was analyzed. Results: In prediabetes, the intake of subjects who consumed more than the dairy products median (187.0 g) and the elevation risk of TC [OR, 2.369; 95% CI, 1.057 to 5.312] showed a significant positive association. In prediabetes, the intake of subjects who consumed more than the fish and shellfish median (44.0 g) and the elevation risk of BP showed a significantly weak negative association [OR, 0.073; 95% CI, 0.010 to 0.520]. The probability that the blood LDL cholesterol was ${\geq}100mg/dL$ decreased 0.397 times [95% CI, 0.189 to 0.832]. Conclusion: To control the metabolic risk factors of pre-diabetic and vascular disease subjects, proper dairy, fish and shellfish intake will be important.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.726-734
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• 2004

This paper presents a facial animation method that enables the user to select a sequence of facial frames from the facial expression space, whose level of details the user can select hierarchically Our system creates the facial expression space from about 2400 captured facial frames. To represent the state of each expression, we use the distance matrix that represents the distance between pairs of feature points on the face. The shortest trajectories are found by dynamic programming. The space of facial expressions is multidimensional. To navigate this space, we visualize the space of expressions in 2D space by using the multidimensional scaling(MDS). But because there are too many facial expressions to select from, the user faces difficulty in navigating the space. So, we visualize the space hierarchically. To partition the space into a hierarchy of subspaces, we use fuzzy clustering. In the beginning, the system creates about 10 clusters from the space of 2400 facial expressions. Every tine the level increases, the system doubles the number of clusters. The cluster centers are displayed on 2D screen and are used as candidate key frames for key frame animation. The user selects new key frames along the navigation path of the previous level. At the maximum level, the user completes key frame specification. We let animators use the system to create example animations, and evaluate the system based on the results.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.331-336
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• 2001

Objectives : To assess the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis through proper diagnosis in a rural community and to elucidate the relevant factors of this health problem in order to develop educational methods for the prevention of female knee osteoarthritis as well to provide basic data for prospective research. Methods : Over a period of three months starting from August, 2000, 432 women over the age of 40 and living in a rural area were selected by a multistage cluster sampling method in order to investigate the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis and the related factors. The study utilized interviews and radiological examination. The criteria of knee osteoarthritis used was the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for osteoarthritis of the knee(1995). Results : The adjusted prevalence of knee osteoarthritis among the subjects was 55.0%, and multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio(OR) of knee osteoarthritis among subjects 50-59 years of age and subjects older than 60 years of age as compared to subjects 40-49 years of age were 2.43(95% CI: 1.30-4.70) and 4.40(95% CI: 2.47-7.83), respectively. The OR of knee osteoarthritis among factory workers or farmers as compared to others was 1.79(95% CI: 1.03-3.12). The OR of knee osteoarthritis among subjects who had a family history and subjects who had knee injury or surgical history against those subjects had neither were 2.56(95% CI: 1.42-4.03) and 4.70(95% CI:1.45-15.19), respectively. The OR of knee osteoarthritis among smokers against non smokers was 0.47(95% CI: 0.22-0.97). Conclusions : Related factors of knee osteoarthritis included age, occupation, family history, smoking, knee injury and history of surgery In order to prevent knee osteoarthritis in high risked rural woman, education concerning self-care methods and safety guideline must be provided at the work place by the public and private health sectors. Additionally, these women should be continually encouraged to exercise, including jogging and swimming regularly.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.435-440
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• 2008

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to identify the genetic diversities among and within varieties and landraces of Rehmannia glutinosa. Polymorphic and reproducible bands were produced by 10 primers out of total 20 primers used in the experiment. In RAPD analysis of the 11 genotypes, 64 fragments out of 73 amplified genomic DNA fragments were polymorphic which represented an average 6.4 polymorphic fragments per primer. Number of amplified fragments with random primers ranged from 2 (OPA-1) to 13 (OPA-11) and varied in size from 200 bp to 1,400 bp. Especially, OPA-10, OPA-11 and OPA-19 primers showed specific bands for varieties of Korea Jiwhang and Jiwhang il ho, which could be useful for discriminating from other varieties and landraces of R. glutinosa. Percentage polymorphism ranged from a minimum of 50% (OPA-1) to a maximum of 100% (OPA-11), with an average of 87.7%. Similarity coefficients were higher in the genotypes of Korea Jiwhang and Jiwhang il ho than in other populations. In cluster analysis, genotypes of Korea Jiwhang, Jiwhang il ho, and Japanese accession were separated from those of other varieties and landraces. Average of genetic diversity within the population $(H_S)$ was 0.110, while average of total genetic diversity $(H_T)$ was 0.229. Across all RAPD makers the $G_{ST}$ value was 0.517, indicating that about 52% of the total genetic variation could be explained by RAPDs differences while the remaining 48% might be attributable to differences among samples. Consequently, RAPD analysis was useful method to discriminate different populations such as domestic varieties and other landraces. The results of the present study will be used to understand the population and evolutionary genetics of R. gllutinosa.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.893-916
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• 2012

This research investigates gifted students' mothers' rearing stress based on the concept mapping method. For this, 12 gifted students' mothers solicited, gathered and analyzed related statements, and then did multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. The stress value was .273 which was appropriate for the two level concept mapping study. In addition 101 mothers of gifted students rated for the rearing stresses they experience. Results were as follows. First, 79 concrete statements were solicited and as a result of concept mapping were categorized as 'burden and conflict as mothers of the gifted', 'possible negative characteristics due to the giftedness', and 'self-esteem and pressure by the title of the gifted'. Especially following items showed relatively high average: worrying about how to give the child a specific help for his/her career(M=4.65); worrying that she might be intervening too much in their child's behaviors(M=4.60); getting pressured supporting the child to get involved in the gifted education system continually(M=4.46); worrying if her child is not developing his/her talent enough due to the lack of time and money(M=4.44); being concerned that her high expectations might be putting her child under too much pressure (M=4.43). Implications of the study related to gifted education practices were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.152-163
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• 2009

This study identified characteristics of households in Seo Geumsa based on factors related to how well each household understood and agreed or disagreed with the Newtown project and the resettlement process that is required to establish the renewal promotion plan. To this end, the authors applied the unit of spatial analysis developed by Tong, segmented the land intended for large-scale development, and then developed a method for analyzing and comparing the segmented lands by certain characteristics. The results of the survey were analyzed in three stages: the characteristics of districts; the relationships between agreement and disagreement factors and differences among segmented districts. And, to assess districts with features that differed from the overall features of households in renewal districts, the authors developed a two-way stage division plan and conducted a cluster analysis. The authors analyzed districts with individual characteristics based on the household features developed by Tong, and then analyzed the features of household distribution in these districts along with spatial location.