• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.147-153
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• 2023

As it spreads to all industries of artificial intelligence technology, AIaaS equipped with artificial intelligence services is emerging. In particular, non-IT companies are suffering from the absence of software experts, difficulties in training big data models, and difficulties in collecting and analyzing various types of data. AIaaS makes it easier and more economical for users to build a system by providing various IT resources necessary for artificial intelligence software development as well as functions necessary for artificial intelligence software in the form of a service. Therefore, the supply and demand for such cloud-based AIaaS services will increase rapidly. However, the quality of services provided by AIaaS becomes an important factor in what is required as the supply and demand for AIaaS increases. However, research on a comprehensive and practical quality evaluation metric to measure this is currently insufficient. Therefore, in this paper, we develop and propose a usability, replacement, scalability, and publicity metric, which are the four metrics necessary for measuring reusability, based on implementation, convenience, efficiency, and accessibility, which are characteristics of AIaaS, for reusability evaluation among the service quality measurement factors of AIaaS. The proposed metrics can be used as a tool to predict how much services provided by AIaaS can be reused for potential users in the future.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.387-397
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• 2023

Plant height is a growth parameter that provides visible insights into the plant's growth status and has a high correlation with yield, so it is widely used in crop breeding and cultivation research. Investigation of the growth characteristics of crops such as plant height has generally been conducted directly by humans using a ruler, but with the recent development of sensing and image analysis technology, research is being attempted to digitally convert growth measurement technology to efficiently investigate crop growth. In this study, the canopy height of rice grown at various nitrogen fertilization levels was measured using a laser scanner capable of precise measurement over a wide range, and a comparative analysis was performed with the actual plant height. As a result of comparing the point cloud data collected with a laser scanner and the actual plant height, it was confirmed that the estimated plant height measured based on the average height of the top 1% points showed the highest correlation with the actual plant height (R² = 0.93, RMSE = 2.73). Based on this, a linear regression equation was derived and used to convert the canopy height measured with a laser scanner to the actual plant height. The rice growth curve drawn by combining the actual and estimated plant height collected by various nitrogen fertilization conditions and growth period shows that the laser scanner-based canopy height measurement technology can be effectively utilized for assessing the plant height and growth of rice. In the future, 3D images derived from laser scanners are expected to be applicable to crop biomass estimation, plant shape analysis, etc., and can be used as a technology for digital conversion of conventional crop growth assessment methods.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.569-578
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to clarify the palatal arch length, width and height in the primary and permanent dentition. Samples were consisted of normal occlusions both in the primary dentition(50 males and 50 females) and in the permanent dentition(50 males and 50 females). With their upper plaster casts were used and through 3-dimensional laser scanning(3D Scanner, DS4060, LDI, U.S.A.), cloud data, polygonization, section curve and loft surface, fit and horizontal plane were based to measure the palatal arch length, width and height(Surfacer 10.0, Imageware, U.S.A.). T-tests were applied for the statistical analyze of the data. The results were as follows : 1. In the measurement values, the values of the male were higher than those of the female except primary anterior palatal height. There were not only statistically significant differences in anterior palatal width(p<0.05) and posterior palatal width(p<0.01) in primary dentition but palatal width(p<0.05), anterior palatal length(p<0.01), middle and posterior palatal length(p<0.05) in permanent dentition between male and female. 2. In the indices of palate, there were statistically significant differences in height-length index(p<0.05) and width-length index(p<0.01) between male and female in primary dentition. In permanent dentition, there was statistically difference between male and female. 3. In the measurement values, posterior palatal width was increased most greatly. Posterior palatal height, anterior palatal width and anterior palatal length were followed by descending order. On the other hand, anterior palatal height and posterior palatal length were decreased. 4. In the indices of palate, the height-length index, the width-length index and posterior height-width index were increased, but the others were decreased.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 2013

The concentration and composition of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere can directly reflect the environmental pollution. The atmospheric pollution in some Cameroonian cities is increasing with the industrial development and urbanization. Air pollution is inherently complex, containing PM of varied size and composition. This PM exists as a dynamic cloud interacting with sunlight and is modified by the meteorology. The reflectometer and the EDXRF spectrometry are applied to determine the concentration of some specific elements at four sites in the city of Yaound$\acute{e}$. The particular aim of the present work is to put in place data base on air pollution in urban area and elaborate regulations on the emissions issued to industrial and vehicle activities. This study provides an overview of the concentration of black carbon and some specific elements in the air, which have impacts on human health. The measurement was done by distinguishing the size of particle. So that, the particle with aerodynamic diameter between $2.5-10{\mu}m$ (so-called coarse particle) and aerodynamic diameter < $2.5{\mu}m$ (so-called fine particle) were considered to obtain more information about levels of the inhalable fraction of the location. The results obtained in four locations of the city of Yaound$\acute{e}$ show that the black carbon concentration is very considerable, the element sulfur is a major pollutant and the concentration of fine particle is very greater. The results obtained of fine and coarse filters range from $5-17{\mu}g/m^3$ and $10-18{\mu}g/m^3$ for the black carbon. S, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Se and Hg are the specific findings of this work. The pollutants with a greater concentration are S, Pb, and Zn. These later seem to be non-uniformly, non-regular in some location and high compared to other countries. This work allows us to make a potential relation between pollutants and emission sources. In this framework, some suggestions have been proposed to reduce emissions for an improvement of the air quality in the environment and thus, the one of the city of Yaound$\acute{e}$.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.226-245
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• 2019

To understand the dynamics of radial growth of trees and micro-climate at a site of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) forest on high-altitude area of Mt. Hallasan National Park, Jeju Island, Korea, high precision dendrometers were installed on the stems of Korean fir trees, and the sensors for measuring micro-climate of the forest at 10 minutes interval were also installed at the forest. Data from the sensors were sent to nodes, collected to a gateway wireless, and transmitted to a data server using mobile phone communication system. By analyzing the radial growth data for the trees during the growing season in 2016, we can estimate that the radial growth of Korean fir trees initiated in late April to early May and ceased in late August to early September, which indicates that period for the radial growth was about 4 months in 2016. It is interesting to observe that the daily ambient temperature and the daily soil temperature at the depth of 20 cm coincided with the values of about 10 ℃ when the radial growth of the trees initiated in 2016. When the radial growth ceased, the values of the ambient temperature went down below about 15 ℃ and 16 ℃, respectively. While the ambient temperature and the soil temperature are evaluated to be the good indicators for the initiation and the cessation of radial growth, it becomes clear that radii of tree stems showed diurnal growth patterns affected by diurnal change of ambient temperature. In addition, the wetting and drying of the surface of the tree stems affected by precipitation became the additional factors that affect the expansion and shrinkage of the tree stems at the forest site. While it is interesting to note that the interrelationships among the micro-climatic factors at the forest site were well explained through this study, it should be recognized that the precision monitoring made possible with the application of high resolution sensors in the measurement of the radial increment combined with the observation of 10 minutes interval with aids of information and communication technology in the ecosystem observation.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.6_2
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• pp.1151-1157
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• 2017

Street Trees is an important object for urban environment improvement. Especially the height of the trees needs to be precisely measured as a factor that greatly influences the removal of air pollutants in the Urban Street Canyons. In this study, we extracted the height of the tree based on the stereo image using the precisely adjusted UAV Images of the target area. The adjustment of UAV image was applied photogrammetric SfM (Structure from motion) based on the collinear condition. We measured the height of the trees on the Street Canyon using stereoscopic vision on stereo plotting system. We also acquired the height of the building adjacent to the street trees and the average height of the road surface was calculated for accurate measurement of the height of each object. Through the visual analysis with the plotting operation system, it was possible to measure height of the tree and to calculate the relative height difference value with building quickly. This means that the height of buildings and trees can be calculated without making a 3D point cloud of UAV and it has the advantage of being able to utilize non-experts. In the future, further studies for semiautomatic/automation of this technique should be performed. The development and research of these technologies is expected to help to understand the current status of environmental policies and roadside trees in urban areas.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.3-17
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• 2004

Space-borne Earth observation technique is one of the most cost effective and rapidly advancing Earth science research tools today and the potential field and micro-wave radar applications have been leading the discipline. The traditional optical imaging systems including the well known Landsat, NOAA - AVHRR, SPOT, and IKONOS have steadily improved spatial imaging resolution but increasing cloud covers have the major deterrent. The new Earth observation satellites ENVISAT (launched on March 1 2002, specifically for Earth environment observation), ALOS (planned for launching in 2004 - 2005 period and ALOS stands for Advanced Land Observation Satellite), and RADARSAT-II (planned for launching in 2005) all have synthetic aperture radar (SAR) onboard, which all have partial or fully polarimetric imaging capabilities. These new types of polarimetric imaging radars with repeat orbit interferometric capabilities are opening up completely new possibilities in Earth system science research, in addition to the radar altimeter and scatterometer. The main advantage of a SAR system is the all weather imaging capability without Sun light and the newly developed interferometric capabilities, utilizing the phase information in SAR data further extends the observation capabilities of directional surface covers and neotectonic surface displacements. In addition, if one can utilize the newly available multiple frequency polarimetric information, the new generation of space-borne SAR systems is the future research tool for Earth observation and global environmental change monitoring. The potential field strength decreases as a function of the inverse square of the distance between the source and the observation point and geophysicists have traditionally been reluctant to make the potential field observation from any space-borne platforms. However, there have recently been a number of potential field missions such as ASTRID-2, Orsted, CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE. Of course these satellite sensors are most effective for low spatial resolution applications. For similar objects, AMPERE and NPOESS are being planned by the United States and France. The Earth science disciplines which utilize space-borne platforms most are the astronomy and atmospheric science. However in this talk we will focus our discussion on the solid Earth and physical oceanographic applications. The geodynamic applications actively being investigated from various space-borne platforms geological mapping, earthquake and volcano .elated tectonic deformation, generation of p.ecise digital elevation model (DEM), development of multi-temporal differential cross-track SAR interferometry, sea surface wind measurement, tidal flat geomorphology, sea surface wave dynamics, internal waves and high latitude cryogenics including sea ice problems.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.461-474
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• 2020

Korea launched Geostationary Environmental Monitoring Satellite (GEMS), a UV/visible spectrometer that measure pollution gases on 18 February 2020. Because satellite retrieval is an ill-posed inverse solving process, the validation with ground-based measurements or other satellite measurements is essential to obtain reliable products. For this purpose, satellite-based OMI and OMPS total column ozone (TCO), and ground-based Pandora TCO in Busan and Seoul were selected for future GEMS validation. First of all, the goal of this study is to validate the ground ozone data using characteristics that satellite data provide coherent ozone measurements on a global basis, although satellite data have a larger error than the ground-based measurements. In the cross validation between Pandora and OMI TCO, we have found abnormal deviation in ozone time series from Pandora #29 observed in Seoul. This shows that it is possible to perform inverse validation of ground data using satellite data. Then OMPS TCO was compared with verified Pandora TCO. Both data shows a correlation coefficient of 0.97, an RMSE of less than 2 DU and the OMPS-Pandora relative mean difference of >4%. The result also shows the OMPS-Pandora relative mean difference with SZA, TCO, cross-track position and season have insignificant dependence on those variables.In addition, we showed that appropriate thresholds depending on the spatial resolution of each satellite sensor are required to eliminate the impact of the cloud on Pandora TCO.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2015

In this study, we synthesis polyimide with high gas selectivity using 2,2-bis(3,4-carboxylphenyl) hexafluoropropane, 2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3-phenylenediamine (DAM) and 4,4-Methylenedianiline (p-MDA), and then the asymmetric membrane was fabricated by non-solvent phase separation method. To confirm the property change of the membrane using different solvent, we measured and compared the viscosity of the polymer solution, cloud point and non-solvent phase separation coefficient. The morphology and gas separation property of membrane prepared by phase separation method was confirmed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microsope and the single gas permeation measurement apparatus. The single gas ($CH_4$, $N_2$, $O_2$, $CO_2$) permeation property and selectivity value of the membrane prepared with NMP was higher than the membrane prepared with DMAc. We confirmed that the gas selectivity of the membrane increased and the permeation property decreased with increasing of the solvent evaporation time.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-36
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to present basic data for producing tools to measure Yangseng of the elderly aged older than 65 by reassessing the validity and reliability of such tools already developed. In the present study, total 855 subjects were divided into 4 groups and given 31 question for the ultimate factor analysis of each item. The results cloud be summarized as follows: 1. In case of 'don't have sex in drunken state or right after dinner'(the 31st item of sex live yangseng). factor loading came out proportionally in 3 factors such as factor 4=0.358, factor 5=0.389 and factor 6=0.386. As they all failed to reach the general standard of 0.5 or more and even the minimum standard of 0.4 or more, the 31st item was deleted from the questionnaires. 2. From the factor analysis after exclusion of the 31st item, factor loading of the 25th item of sleep yangseng 'go to bed and get up regularly' appeared to be proportional in 2 factor(factor 4=0.393 and factor 7=0.373). Since it was shown that the 25th item could not be classified into a category but interacted with others in common and didn't satisfy the minimum standard of 0.4, it was deleted form the questionnaires, too. 3. From the factor analysis conducted after excluding the item numbers 31 and 25, factor loading of the 12th item of diet yangseng 'do not eat much' turned out to be relatively high with such values as factor 5=0.518 and factor 3=0.453. As it was, however, tied up with the factor of exercise yangseng, it was also deleted. In conclusion, 28 items after excluding the item numbers 12, 25 and 31 form 4 group showed the same results as divided into 8 factor with high grade of reliability and validity, evidencing the assumption that they can be employed practically to measure yangseng of the elderly aged 65 and oder.