• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.85-95
• /
• 1987

The host rocks of titaniferous magnetite deposits in Gonamsan are alkaline gabbros, which are typical of undersaturated alkaline rocks in terms of the lack of normative quartz. According to field occurrences and petrographic features, these alkaline gabbros are divided into 3 rock types: coarse-grained and pegmatitic rock, medium-grained rock with equigranular texture, and layered cumulate rock. All these rocks mainly contain clinopyroxene(salite), plagioclase(An 43-66), pargasite, and ilmenite. The accessory minerals are apatite, sphene, quartz, and sometimes titaniferous magnetite. Pargasite, sphene, and quartz are considered to be secondary minerals formed by the reaction among clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Fe-Ti oxide at deuteric stage. Fe-Ti oxides generally occur as ilmenite in the alkaline rocks, and titaniferous magnetite in the ore deposits. Layered cumulate rocks are characterized by a recurrence of discontinuous thin mesolayer of clinopyroxene-pargasite within leucolayer mainly composed of plagioclase. Clinopyroxene is cumulus mineral whereas plagioclase, ilmenite and apatite occur as intercumulus minerals. According to the variation diagrams of oxide and trace element contents against the differentiation index, incompatible elements, such as Na, Ba and Sr, show positive correlations whereas compatible elements, such as Mg and Cr, show negative correlations. However some compatible elements, such as Co, Ni and V show irregular variations, reflecting relative cumulate status of cumulus and intercumulus minerals. On the de la Roche multicationic diagram, these alkaline gabbros are distributed along the differentiation curve of undersaturated alkaline series from alkaline basaltic composition through basanitic composition to tephritic composition. Layered cumulate rocks, which are distributed between basanitic composition and tephritic composition, reflect their cumulate character, slightly scattering away from the curve. The medium-grained rock shows higher contents in Ba, Sr and light rare earch elements than the coarse-grained and pegmatitic rock. The former shows two times higher contents of total rare earth elements than the latter, $while(La/Lu)_{cn}$ ratios maintain fairly constant values of 5.08~5.06 in these two rocks. This means that coarse-grained and pegmatitic rock, as compared with the medium-grained rock, was formed by the earlier differentiated magma but rare-earth element distribution pattern remained almost parallel during differentiation. From the data the above mentioned, these alkaline gabbros are considered to be comagmatic and to be formed by intrusions of differentiated magmas in its reservoir.

• 한국광물학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 1996

The detailed crystal chemistry of ilmenite from the Hadong massif was studied by the EPMA, M ssbauer spectroscopy, and Rietveld structural refinement using X-ray powder diffraction data. The ilmenite-bearing anorthosite shows complicated mineral assemblage which consists of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, hornblende, biotite, chlorite, apatite, allanite, and zircon. Anorthite is andesine in composition (Ab 28-57), and clinopyroxene drops in ferro-hypersthene (Fs 62-70). Ilmenite is trigonal symmetry with R space group, whose structure shows the alternation of Fe2+ (M1 site) octahedral layer and Ti (M2 site) layer along c axis. M ssbauer spectroscopy indicates that there are three doubles which assigned to couple of Fe2+($\delta$=0.812, 0.890mm/sec) and one Fe3+($\delta$=0.303mm/sec) in octahedral sites. Their Fe3+/$\Sigma$Fe is 0.065 and chemical formula is established as Fe2+0.94Fe3+0.07Ti0.97O3 using both EPMA and M ssbauer analysis. Rietveld structural refinement reveals that site occupancies of Fe in M1 and Ti in M2 are 91.2% and 89.4%, respectively. This implies that Ti and Fe2+ are alternatively occupy M1 and M2 sites. In addition, smaller M2 site is more preferable to Fe3+ occupancy over M1.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제31권5호
• /
• pp.447-458
• /
• 1998

The spinel Ihelzolite of ultramafic xenoliths are found in the alkali basalt from eastern part of the Cheju island, Korea. The xenolith is are mainly composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel. Based on the chemical compositions of the constituent minerals, the ultramafic xenolith belong to upper mantle peridotite. Each minerals have a protogranular texture. Olivine with kink band texture partly shows undulatory extinction. Some clinopyroxenes have spongy textured rims. Brown spinels occur in the interstices between olivine and pyroxene grains. Olivine is mostly forsterite $(Fo_{89-90})$. Orthopyroxene is enstatite $(Wo_{1.3}En_{88.4}Fs_{10.3})$ with 3.87~5.25 wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}$. Clinopyroxene is diopside $(Wo_{48.0}En_{46.2}Fs_{5.8})$ with 6.75~5.03 wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}$. Spinel has the Mg value of 75.9 and its Cr-number is 10.2. According to the PoT estimations for the mantle xenoliths, equilibrium temperatures of the xenoliths range from 1023 to $1038^{\circ}C$ and pressure is 18 kbar. Spinellhelzolite from this area, which is characterized by lower Cr-number (10.2) and homogeneous chemical compositions, supports that these ultramafic xenoliths are derived from the upper mantle.

• 한국광물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국광물학회.한국암석학회 2001년도 공동학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.75-75
• /
• 2001

We report Sr, Nd and Pb isotope data of clinopyroxene separates from ultramafic xenoliths and their host basaltic rocks in Jeju Island, Baekryeong Island, Boeun and Ganseong, Korea. The isotopic data of the xenoliths and host basalts are distinctly different from those of Korean basement rocks. Except for two xenoliths from Ganseong, all samples in this study have isotopic ratios within the combined range of MORB-OIB data. All basaltic rocks have Nd-Sr-Pb isotope compositions different from those of xenoliths, indicating that the host basaltic magma did not derive from the lithospheric mantle where the xenoliths originated. The range of isotopic composition of xenoliths is much greater than that observed in host basalts, which reflects small-scale heterogeneity of the lithospheric mantle. The greater isotopic heterogeneity of the lithospheric mantle probably reflects its long-term stability. The spinel peridotite xenolith data of Jeju Island, Baekryeong Island and Boeun display mixing hyperbolas between DMM and EM II end members. Since Jeju basalts have EM II-like isotopic signature, the mixing relationship shown by the isotopic data of the Jeju xenoliths can be interpreted as the result of infiltration of metasomatic fluid or melt derived from basaltic magma into DMM-like lithospheric mantle. In contrast to other xenolith sites, the Ganseong xenoliths are dominantly clinopyroxene megacryst and pyroxenite. Clinopyroxene megacrysts have different isotopic ratios from their host basalt, reflecting its exotic origin. Two Ganseong xenoliths (wherlite and clinopyroxenite) have much enriched Sr and Nd isotopic ratios and Nd model ages of 2.5-2.9 Ga, and plot in an array away from the MORB-OIB field. The mantle xenoliths from Korean Peninsula have similar $\^$87/Sr/$\^$86/Sr,$\^$143/Nd/$\^$144/Nd and $\^$207/Pb/$\^$204/Pb ratios to, but higher $\^$208/Pb/$\^$204/Pb ratios than, those from eastern China, indicating that Korean xenoliths are derived from the lithospheric mantle with higher Th/U ratio compared with Chinese ones. The isotopic data of xenolith-bearing basalts of Baekryeong Island and Ganseong, along with Ulreung and Dok Islands, show a mixing trend betlveen DMM and EM I in Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic correlation diagrams, which is also observed in tile northeastern Chinese basalts. However, the Jeju volcanic rocks show an EM II signature that is observed in southeastern Chinese basalts. The isotopic variations in volcanic rocks from the northern and southern portions of the East Asia reflect a large-scale isotopic heterogeneity in their source mantle.

• 한국광물학회지
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.141-153
• /
• 2016

만장광상은 옥천층군 중앙부에 분포하는 석회암을 모암으로 점판암과 천매암이 협재된 화전리층 내에 배태된 광상으로서 함동맥상광상인 본광체와 중앙광체, 그리고 철스카른광상인 서부광체로 구분된다. 철스카른화 작용은 공생하는 광물군에 따라서 전기 스카른화 작용(I기 : 단사휘석 ${\pm}$ 자철석 ${\pm}$ 석영, II기 : 석류석 + 단사휘석 ${\pm}$ 자철석 ${\pm}$ 석영)와 후기 열수변질작용(III기 : 자철석 + 각섬석 + 석영 ${\pm}$ 석류석 ${\pm}$ 단사휘석 ${\pm}$ 녹니석 ${\pm}$ 녹염석 ${\pm}$ 형석 ${\pm}$ 방해석, IV기 : 형석 ${\pm}$ 자류철석${\pm}$ 황동석 ${\pm}$ 각섬석 ${\pm}$ 석영 ${\pm}$ 방해석)으로 구분된다. 스카른화 초기인 I기에는 투휘석이 다량 산출되고, II기와 III기에 와서는 헤덴버자이트가 정출되었으며, 석류석도 그란다이트에서 안드라다이트로 조성변화를 보이는데 이는 광화유체가 점차 산화환경으로 진화되었음을 시사한다. 자철석의 경우 전기(I, II기)에는 Fe의 함량이 일정한 반면, 후기(III기)에는 변화폭이 커지고 전기에 비해 Si, Ca 함량이 증가하는 경향이 나타난다. 이는 후퇴변질작용단계에서 형성된 자철석이 모암의 영향을 보다 강하게 받았음을 보여준다. 광화후기에 정출된 자류철석과 황동석의 황안정동위원소 조성은 5.9~6.9 ‰로서 화성기원에 해당하나 모암인 석회암과의 반응을 통해 다소 높은 값을 형성한 것으로 보인다.

• 암석학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.59-72
• /
• 2007

하와이 제도 남단에 위치한 하와이섬의 킬라우에아 화산은 16세기 이래로 1982년 9월까지 계속적이고 간헐적인 분출로 형성된 화산체이다. 킬라우에아 화산 정상부 분화구 지역을 중심으로 야외지질조사, 체계적인 시료채취, 암석기재학 및 지구화학적인 특성분석을 수행하였다. 구성광물로는 주요 반정광물인 감람석을 비롯하여, 단사휘석, 사장석, 불투명광물등의 반정광물과 유리질 기질로 구성된다. 단사휘석과 사장석에서는 취반상조직, 사장석 반정에는 누대구조가 간간히 관찰되었다. 주원소 함량에서 $K_2O$, $P_2O_5$, $TiO_2$는 MgO 함량이 감소할 때 증가하는 경향을 보이고 $Al_2O_3$와 CaO는 변곡점을 보이는데 Al은 사장석, Ca는 사장석과 단사휘석의 결정화와 각각 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 해석된다. 감람석의 Fo%값은 60에서 90까지 넓은 변화폭을 가지고 Fo%에 대한 감람석 주원소 값에서 MnO와 FeO는 감소하며 반대로 $SiO_2$, MgO와 NiO는 증가한다. 킬라우에아 화산 현무암의 Ni함량의 변화는 감람석의 모드 함량과 감람석 결정 내의 Ni함량의 변화에 의하여 규제되는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.38-51
• /
• 2002

Mantle xenoliths in alkali basalt at Boun, the Gansung area and Baegryung Island in South Korea are spinel lherzolites composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and spinel. Minerals show homogeneous compositions. Olivine compositions have Fo$_{89.0}$ to Fo$_{90.2}$, low CaO (0.03 to 0.12 wt%), and NiO of 0.34 to 0.40 wt%; the orthopyroxene is enstatite with En$_{89.0}$ to En$_{90.0}$ and Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ of 4 to 5 wt%; the clinopyroxene is diopside with En$_{47.2}$ to En$_{49.1}$ and Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ of 7.42 to 7.64 wt% from Boun and 4.70 to 4.91 wt% from Baegryung. Spinel chemistry shows a distinct negative trend, with increaeing Al corresponding with decreasing Cr, and Mg$^{#}$ (100Mg/Mg+Fe) and Cr$^{#}$ (100Cr/Cr+Al) of 75.1 to 81.9 and 8.5 to 12.6, respectively. The equilibrium temperatures of these xenoliths, taken as the average obtained from those of Mercier (1980) and Sachtleben and Seck (1981), lie between 970 and 1020$^{\circ}$C, and equilibrium pressures derived from Mercier (1980) fall within the range of 12 to 19 kbar (i.e., 42 to 63 km). These temperatures and pressures are reinforced by considerations of the Al-isopleths in the MAS system (Lane and Ganguly, 1980), as adjusted for the Fe effect on Al solubility in orthopyroxene (Lee and Ganguly, 1988). The equilibrium temperatures and pressures of xenoliths, as considered in P/T space, belong to the oceanic geotherm, based upon the various mantle geotherms presented by Mercier (1980). This geotherm is completely different from continental geotherms, e.g., from South Africa (Lesotho) and southern India. Mineral compositions of spinel-lherzolites in South Korea and eastern China are primitive; paleo-geotherms of both are quite similar, but degrees of depletion of the upper mantle could vary locally. This is demonstrated by eastern China, which has various depleted xenoliths caused by different degrees of partial melting.

• 한국광물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국암석학회.한국광물학회 2000년도 공동학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.19-19
• /
• 2000

;Ultramafic xenoliths found in alkali basalts from Jeju-do, Korea are mostly spinel Iherzolites composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel. A subordinate amount of spinel harzburgites and pyroxenites are also found. Temperatures for these xenoliths were estimated from the compositions of coexisting pyroxenes (Wood '||'&'||' Banno 1973; Wells 1977; Bertrand '||'&'||' Mercier 1985; Brey '||'&'||' Kohler 1990), the AI-solubility in orthopyroxene coexisting with olivine and spinel (Sachtleben '||'&'||' Seck 1981; Webb '||'&'||' Wood 1986), and from Fe/Mg partitioning between olivine and spinel (Ballhaus et al. 1991). Temperature estimates from the thermometers by Wells (1977) and Brey and Kohler (1990) are compatible. Average equilibrium temperatures by these two methods for spinel peridotites range from 890 to 1030$^{\circ}$C. Pressures for spinel peridotites were estimated from the geobarometer by Kohler and Brey (1991) derived from the equilibrium Ca content of olivine coexisting with clinopyroxene, and fall within the range of 12.9 to 26.3 kbar. The combination of the thermometer by Brey and Kohler (1990) and the geobarometer by Kohler and Brey (1991) yields P- T estimates for Jeju-do spinel peridotites that fall in experimentally determined spinel lherzolite field in CFMASCr system (O'Neill 1981). These P-T data sets have been used to construct the Quaternary Jeju-do geotherm, which is significantly different from the conventional conductive geotherm. The xenolith-derived geotherm has a higher T gradient at low P (13 kbar) than at high P, which may be due to perturbation of the conductive heat flow by magma underplating or overplating at the crust-mantle boundary. Temperature estimates and statistics on the xenoliths indicate that the crust/mantle boundary in Jeju-do lies at about 11 kbar (~39 km). Spinellherzolite is inferred as a main constituent rock of the uppermost lithospheric mantle beneath Jeju-do. Pyroxenites were intercalated in peridotites in similar depth and temperature as re-equilibrated veins or lens.

• 한국광물학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.61-72
• /
• 2005

백령도와 보은 지역의 마이오세 알칼리현무암에 상부맨틀암석인 스피넬 페리도타이트가 포획되어 있다. 이들 포획체 내의 단사휘석의 모드 조성과 주성분원소, 미량원소, 희토류원소 조성은 백령도와 보은 지역의 상부맨틀의 평형 온도와 맨틀결핍, 맨틀부화와 같은 지화학적 과정들을 규명하는 매우 중요하다. 원생입상조직과 반상쇄설조직 사이의 전이 조직을 보이는 백령도와 보은 스피넬 페리도타이트의 평형온도는 15 kb 압력에서 각각 773∼1188℃와 705∼1106℃이다. 단사휘석의 Y, Yb 성분은 백령도와 보은 스피넬 페리도타이트가 각각 1~10%와 1∼4%의 부분용융을 받았고, 단사휘석의 LREE 부화 패턴은 이들 지역 상부맨틀이 은폐 맨틀교대작용을 받았음을 지시한다.

• 암석학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.309-333
• /
• 2012

장석 반정을 함유한 현무암이 제주도 한라산을 중심으로 남북 방향에서 주로 발견되는데, 그 중 하나인 남쪽사면에 있는 시오름 조면현무암에 반정으로 장석이 매우 우세하게 나타난다. 사장석 반정의 함량이 $10cm^2$ 단위 면적에서 약 20개로 매우 우세하며 연구지역에서 측정된 667개 사장석 결정의 크기는 장축 길이는 최대 13.0mm, 최소 0.7mm 정도(평균 4.2mm), 단축 길이는 최대 8.6mm, 최소 0.5mm 정도(평균 2.3mm)로 측정되었다. 모우드분석 결과에 따르면 시오름 조면현무암은 반정이나 미반정으로 사장석(16~28%), 감람석과 단사휘석(1.5~6%), 자철석이나 티탄철석과 같은 불투명광물(~0.1%)로 이루어졌으며 은미정질 석기는 60~82%이다. 사장석, 감람석, 단사휘석 반정의 성분들은 각각 비토우나이트~안데신, 크리소라이트~하이알로시더라이트, 보통휘석으로 이루어져 있다. 사장석 반정은 정상누대구조, 역누대구조, 진동누대구조, 패치형누대구조 등 다양한 구조를 보여준다. 사장석의 중심부에서 외곽으로 가면서 An함량은 증가한다. 중심부에서 외곽으로 가면서 An함량이 감소하다가 외곽부에서 급격히 증가하는 경우, 중심부에서 외곽으로 가면서 지속적으로 증가하는 경우, 진동누대구조를 보이면서 중심부에서 외곽으로 가면서 증가와 감소를 반복하는 경우가 가장 많이 나타났다. 사장석 반정의 중심과 연변부에 융식된 구조를 가지며 일부 최외곽부가 멜트에 의해 융식되어 타형을 이루거나 혹은 잔존구조만 존재하는 경우도 있다. 사장석과 단사휘석 반정의 핵에서 연변부로 감에 따라 성분의 변화와 암석기재적 특징은 멜트에서 비평형상태에 있었음을 지시하며, 또 매우 매픽하고 높은 온도의 멜트의 재공급에 의해 마그마 혼합을 포함하는 결정작용 동안의 마그마방에서 지질학적 환경변화가 진행되었음을 나타낸다.