• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1985

Previous biochemical studies indicate that $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$ is composed of two subunits, ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$, in a form of ${\alpha}_2{\beta}_2$ with a molecular weight of approximately 300,000 daltons. There is also suggestive evidence that the $Na^+$, $K^+$ pump in human erythrocytes occurs in a complex with some glycolytic enzymes. We assessed here in situ assembly size of the $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$ of human erythrocytes by applying classical target theory to radiation inactivation data of the ouabain-sensitive sodium flux and ATP hydrolysis of intact cells and ghosts. Cells(in the presence of cryoprotective agent) and ghosts were irradiated at $-45^{\circ}C$ to $-50^{\circ}C$ with an increasing dose of a 1.5 MeV electron beam, and after thawing, the pump and/or enzyme activities were assayed. Each activity measured was decreased as a simple exponential function of radiation dose, from which a radiation sensitive volume (target size) was calculated. When intact cells were used, the target size of both $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$ and $Na^+$, $K^+$ pump was found to be approximately 600,000 daltons. This target size of the ATPase was reduced to approximately 325,000 daltons if the cells were pretreated with strophanthidin. When ghosts were used, the target size of the ATPase was again approximately 325,000 daltons. Our target size measurement suggests that, in intact cells, the $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase/Na^+,K^+$ pump exists either as a dimer of $(\alpha\beta)_2$ which is a functional unit or as a monomer of $(\alpha\beta)_2$ but in tight complex with other enzyme or enzymes. The results also suggest that this dimeric or heterocomplex association is dissociated during ghost preparation and strophanthidin treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2016

Modern optical mechanisms slanted toward Ocular-centrism have neglected diverse functions of vision, judged objects in abstract and binary perspectives, and organized spaces accordingly, there by neglecting the function of eyes groping objects. Recently, various experiences have been induced through communication with other senses by the complex perception beyond the binary perception system of vision. Haptic perception is dynamic vision that induces accompanying bodily experiences through interaction among the various senses; it recognizes the characteristics of material properties and various sensitive stimulations of human beings. This study elaborates on the major features of haptic perception by examining the theoretical background of this concept, which stimulates the active experience of the subject and determines how characteristics of haptic perception are displayed in picturesque gardens. In order to identify the major features of haptic perception, this study examines how Adolf Hildebrand's theory of vision is developed, expanded, and reinterpreted by Alois Riegl, Wilhelm Worringer, Walter Benjamin, Maurice Merleau Ponty, and Gilles Deleuze in the histories of philosophy and aesthetics. Based thereon, the core differences in haptic perception models and visual perception models are analyzed, and the features of haptic perception are identified. Then, classical gardens are set for visual perception and picturesque gardens are set for haptic perception so that the features from haptic perception identified previously are projected onto the picturesque gardens. The research results drawn from this study regarding features of haptic perception presented in picturesque gardens are as follows. The core differences of haptic perception in contrast to visual perception can be summarized as ambiguity and obscureness of boundaries, generation of dynamic perspectives, induction of motility by indefinite circulation, and strangeness and sublime beauty by the impossibility of perception. In picturesque gardens, the ambiguity and obscureness of boundaries are presented in the irregularity and asymmetric elements of planes and the rejection of a single view, and the generation of dynamic perspectives results from the adoption of narrative structure and overlapping of spaces through the creation of complete views, medium range views, and distant views, which the existing gardens lack. Thus, the scene composition technique is reproduced. The induction of motility by indefinite circulation is created by branching circulation, and strangeness and sublime beauty are presented through the use of various elements and the adoption of 'roughness', 'irregularity', and 'ruins' in the gardens.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.5
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• pp.151-199
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• 1992

A study on Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n, one of the most widely-known Korean medicine books, has been conducted and the findings are as follows:the political and social background at the end of Yi-dynasty amidst the inflow of western civilization and the aggression of foreign forces can be seen as a historical period of trial, when civilization and independence had to be preserved at the same time, during the period, the social trend was to pursue a rapid practical solution rather than a profound theory. Responding to this trend, simple and easy medical science became to prevailand the representative medicine book of this kind was Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n. 1. Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n was written comprising the characteristics of simple and easy medical science with a view to popularizing-collection of logics, easy readability, medical science in time, etc. 2. Bang Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n, rich and grand in content, came out of Dong-$\breve{U}$i-Bo-Gam at the right moment as a pragmatic guide book of Korea medical practice symbolizing Korean spirit. 3. Do-yun Whang whose pen name was Hye-Am was born in Changwon, Kyungnam-do as the 18th descendant of Changwon Whang family. He engaged in medical practice in Seoul and wrote and edited Boo-Bang-Py$\breve{u}$n-Ram. $\breve{U}$i-Jong-Son-Ik, $\breve{U}$i-J$\breve{u}$ng-Son-Ik-Bu-Yeo, $\breve{U}$i-Bang-Whan-Tu, ect. and made his son, Pil-Su follow him and let him edit Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n, which put $\breve{U}$i-Bang-Whal-Tu and Son-Ik-Bon-Cho together. 4. The construct of Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n can be subdivied into three parts: herbs of 34 classes and 514 kinds were arranged on the upper part and $\breve{U}$i-Bang-Whal-Tu was arranged on the middle end lower part. Such arrangement can be very effective in clinics. 5. Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n as a curative book of Korean medical science has been a necessary another ego for many Korean medical practioners. It also played a great role of enhancing Korean oriental medical science to be widely used by Koreans. On the other hand, it produced a side effect of emergence of employed medical practioner who lacked in scholastic aptitude. 6. Tens or newly edited Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n have been issued. Among them, Jung-Jeong, Bang-Yak-Hap-py$\breve{u}$n, J$\breve{u}$ng-Mak-Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n. By$\breve{u}$n-J$\breve{u}$ng-Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n, and By$\breve{u}$n-J$\breve{u}$ng-Bang-Yak-Jung-Jeon have been widely known. Lately, Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n which includes more symptoms and remedies or is translated into Korean came out in several kinds. 7. The number of korea classical medicinal books quoted in Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n is 68, among which Dong-$\breve{U}$i-Bo-Gam Occupies the top in the list enlisting 69 medicinal treatment. This Shows that Dong-$\breve{U}$i-Bo-Gam gave birth to Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.395-402
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• 2013

Since 2000, a large number of molecular studies have been conducted in Hexapoda with generating large amount of mitochondrial sequences. In this study, to review mitochondrial COI sequences and their molecular studies reported in Hexapoda from 2000 to 2009, 488 molecular studies conducted based on 58,323 COI sequences were categorized according to 26 orders and the positions of COI sequences (5', 3', and entire regions). The numbers of molecular studies in which the three regions utilized varied largely among the 26 orders; however, seven orders showed preferred positions of COI sequences in the researches: Diptera and Orthoptera revealed the largest number of studies in the 5' region; while, Coleoptera, Phthiraptera, Odonata, Phasmatodea, and Psocoptera, showed the largest number of studies in the 3' region. From comparing 84 molecular studies published before 2000, we observed the possibilities that molecular studies in Coleoptera, Diptera, Phthiraptera, and Phasmatodea from 2000 to 2009 had been followed classical studies using the positions of COI sequences well-known until 1999. This study provides useful information to understand the overall trends in COI sequence usages as well as molecular studies conducted from 2000 to 2009 in Hexapoda.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.95-110
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• 2020

Comparisons between two different surface temperatures from high-resolution ECMWF ReAnalysis 5 (ERA5) and Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) observations were performed to investigate the reliability of the new reanalysis data over South Korea. As ERA5 has been recently produced and provided to the public, it will be highly used in various research fields. The analysis period in this study is limited to 1999-2018 because regularly recorded hourly data have been provided for 61 ASOS stations since 1999. Topographic characteristics of the 61 ASOS locations are classified as inland, coastal, and mountain based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. The spatial distributions of whole period time-averaged temperatures for ASOS and ERA5 were similar without significant differences in their values. Scatter plots between ASOS and ERA5 for three different periods of yearlong, summer, and winter confirmed the characteristics of seasonal variability, also shown in the time-series of monthly error probability density functions (PDFs). Statistical indices NMB, RMSE, R, and IOA were adopted to quantify the temperature differences, which showed no significant differences in all indices, as R and IOA were all close to 0.99. In particular, the daily mean temperature differences based on 1-hour-averaged temperature had a smaller error than the classical daily mean temperature differences, showing a higher correlation between the two data. To check if the complex topography inside one ERA5 grid cell is related to the temperature differences, the kurtosis and skewness values of 90-m DEM PDFs in a ERA5 grid cell were compared to the one-year period amplitude among those of the power spectrum in the time-series of monthly temperature error PDFs at each station, showing positive correlations. The results account for the topographic effect as one of the largest possible drivers of the difference between ASOS and ERA5.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2017

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency (CPS1D) is an autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle that causes hyperammonemia. Two forms of CPS1D are recognized: a lethal neonatal type and a less severe, delayed-onset type. Neonatal CPS1D cases often present their symptoms within the first days of life. Delayed-onset cases are predominantly adolescents or adults, and infantile delayed-onset cases are rare. Severe hyperammonemia in the neonatal period leads to serious brain damage, coma, and death if not treated promptly. Therefore, early diagnosis and acute treatment are crucial. Despite the improvement of treatments, including continuous hemodialysis, ammonia-lowering agents, and a low-protein diet, the overall outcome of severe forms of hyperammonemia often remains disappointing. As the liver is the only organ in which ammonia is converted into urea, liver transplantation has been considered as an elegant and radical alternative therapy to classical dietary and medical therapies. However, liver transplantation has many disadvantages, such as a considerable risk for technical complications and perioperative metabolic derangement, especially in neonates. Additionally, there is a lack of suitable donor organs in most countries. According to recent studies, liver cell transplantation is a therapeutic option and serves as a bridge to liver transplantation. Here, we report a Korean CPS1D patient with novel mutations in CPS1 who was treated by liver cell transplantation after being diagnosed in the neonatal period and showed a good neurodevelopmental outcome at the last follow-up at six months of age.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.36-48
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• 2015

This study aims to contemplated the enjoying culture of Gyeonghwasejok's garden in late Joseon dynasty. It was track down the behavior from cultural perspective by using recorded in literature. The results were as follows. First, Gyeonghwasejok was the main principal of the garden at Hanyang in Joseon Dynasty. There are established residence in the downtown and make a garden. Garden organizer recognized to fine conditions of residences even crowded downtown. As a result people tried to include habitation and garden culture for preserve their cultural benefit. Secondly, Seongsisanrim culture has appeared of common in site selection of garden for occupies the scenic beauty. Garden was surrounded by scenic beauty. Garden organizer was formed archival culture for owning the beautiful landscape through creation of guguk(九曲), designation of space and lettering on rocks. Thirdly, Formation of the collection culture was placed of various ornaments inside garden. A behaviour of landscape view and ornaments appreciation led to the archival culture such as Won-rim-gi(園林記) and essay(小品文). Moreover, hold a friendship meeting for sharing garden culture. Fourthly, Attention of flowering plants was extended to development of gardening hobby such as fashion of pot-planting, planted to exotic tree. It was know that the plants are recognized as favorite elements by target of appreciation according to introduction of plants inside garden. In addition, facility of horticulture and kitchen garden were placed inside garden. Fifth, Influx of chinese garden culture influenced construction of garden space in late Joseon dynasty. Garden organizer recognizes garden as a ideal space by garden aesthetics that Hojungcheonji(壺中天地). And the imitation of Chinese garden culture such as collecting of Chinese's ornaments has become a high-level culture.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2020

Streamflow discharge as a fundamental riverine quantity plays a crucial role in water resources management, thereby requiring accurate in-situ measurement. Recent advances in instrumentations for the streamflow discharge measurement has complemented or substituted classical devices and methods. Among various potential methods, surface current meter using microwave has increasingly begun to be applied not only for flood but also normal flow discharge measurement, remotely and safely enabling practitioners to measure flow velocity postulating indirect contact. With minimized field preparedness, this method facilitated and eased flood discharge measurement in the difficult in-situ conditions such as extreme flood in active ways emitting 24.125 GHz microwave without relying on natural lights. In South Korea, a rectangular shaped instrument named with Microwave Water Surface Current Meter (MWSCM) has been developed and commercially released around 2010, in which domestic agencies charging on streamflow observation shed lights on this approach regarding it as a potential substitute. Considering this brand-new device highlighted for efficient flow measurement, however, there has been few noticeable efforts in systematic and comprehensive evaluation of its performance in various measurement and riverine conditions that lead to lack in imminent and widely spreading usages in practices. This study attempted to evaluate the MWSCM in terms of instrumen's monitoring configuration particularly regarding tilt and yaw angle. In the middle of pointing the measurement spot in a given cross-section, the observation campaign inevitably poses accuracy issues related with different tilt and yaw angles of the instrument, which can be a conventionally major source of errors for this type of instrument. Focusing on the perspective of instrument configuration, the instrument was tested in a controlled outdoor river channel located in KICT River Experiment Center with a fixed flow condition of around 1 m/s flow speed with steady flow supply, 6 m of channel width, and less than 1 m of shallow flow depth, where the detailed velocity measurements with SonTek micro-ADV was used for validation. As results, less than 15 degree in tilting angle generated much higher deviation, and higher yawing angle proportionally increased coefficient of variance. Yaw angles affected accuracy in terms of measurement area.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.176-178
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• 1997

To make a long story short I made up my mind to experiment with a multimedia approach to my classroom presentations two years ago because my ways of giving instructions bored the pants off me as well as my students. My favorite ways used to be sometimes referred to as classical or traditional ones, heavily dependent on the three elements: teacher's mouth, books, and chalk. Some call it the 'MBC method'. To top it off, I tried audio-visuals such as tape recorders, cassette players, VTR, pictures, and you name it, that could help improve my teaching method. And yet I have been unhappy about the results by a trial and error approach. I was determined to look for a better way that would ensure my satisfaction in the first place. What really turned me on was a multimedia CD ROM title, ELLIS (English Language Learning Instructional Systems) developed by Dr. Frank Otto. This is an integrated system of learning English based on advanced computer technology. Inspired by the utility and potential of such a multimedia system for regular classroom or lab instructions, I designed a simple but practical multimedia language learning laboratory in 1994 for the first time in Korea(perhaps for the first time in the world). It was high time that the conventional type of language laboratory(audio-passive) at Hahnnam be replaced because of wear and tear. Prior to this development, in 1991, I put a first CALL(Computer Assisted Language Learning) laboratory equipped with 35 personal computers(286), where students were encouraged to practise English typing, word processing and study English grammar, English vocabulary, and English composition. The first multimedia language learning laboratory was composed of 1) a multimedia personal computer(486DX2 then, now 586), 2) VGA multipliers that enable simultaneous viewing of the screen at control of the instructor, 3) an amplifIer, 4) loud speakers, 5)student monitors, 6) student tables to seat three students(a monitor for two students is more realistic, though), 7) student chairs, 8) an instructor table, and 9) cables. It was augmented later with an Internet hookup. The beauty of this type of multimedia language learning laboratory is the economy of furnishing and maintaining it. There is no need of darkening the facilities, which is a must when an LCD/beam projector is preferred in the laboratory. It is headset free, which proved to make students exasperated when worn more than- twenty minutes. In the previous semester I taught three different subjects: Freshman English Lab, English Phonetics, and Listening Comprehension Intermediate. I used CD ROM titles like ELLIS, Master Pronunciation, English Tripple Play Plus, English Arcade, Living Books, Q-Steps, English Discoveries, Compton's Encyclopedia. On the other hand, I managed to put all teaching materials into PowerPoint, where letters, photo, graphic, animation, audio, and video files are orderly stored in terms of slides. It takes time for me to prepare my teaching materials via PowerPoint, but it is a wonderful tool for the sake of presentations. And it is worth trying as long as I can entertain my students in such a way. Once everything is put into the computer, I feel relaxed and a bit excited watching my students enjoy my presentations. It appears to be great fun for students because they have never experienced this type of instruction. This is how I freed myself from having to manipulate a cassette tape player, VTR, and write on the board. The student monitors in front of them seem to help them concentrate on what they see, combined with what they hear. All I have to do is to simply click a mouse to give presentations and explanations, when necessary. I use a remote mouse, which prevents me from sitting at the instructor table. Instead, I can walk around in the room and enjoy freer interactions with students. Using this instrument, I can also have my students participate in the presentation. In particular, I invite my students to manipulate the computer using the remote mouse from the student's seat not from the instructor's seat. Every student appears to be fascinated with my multimedia approach to English teaching because of its unique nature as a new teaching tool as we face the 21st century. They all agree that the multimedia way is an interesting and fascinating way of learning to satisfy their needs. Above all, it helps lighten their drudgery in the classroom. They feel other subjects taught by other teachers should be treated in the same fashion. A multimedia approach to education is impossible without the advent of hi-tech computers, of which multi functions are integrated into a unified system, i.e., a personal computer. If you have computer-phobia, make quick friends with it; the sooner, the better. It can be a wonderful assistant to you. It is the Internet that I pay close attention to in conjunction with the multimedia approach to English education. Via e-mail system, I encourage my students to write to me in English. I encourage them to enjoy chatting with people all over the world. I also encourage them to visit the sites where they offer study courses in English conversation, vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, reading, and writing. I help them search any subject they want to via World Wide Web. Some day in the near future it will be the hub of learning for everybody. It will eventually free students from books, teachers, libraries, classrooms, and boredom. I will keep exploring better ways to give satisfying instructions to my students who deserve my entertainment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.775-781
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• 2002

The T-type amino acid transporter 1 (TATI) is a Na$^{+}$-independent amino acid transporter which selectively trans- ports aromatic amino acids subserving the amino acid transport system T. To understand the transport properties of aromatic amino acids by human TAT1 (hTATl ), we have examined the hTATl -mediated aromatic amino acid transports using a Xenopus laeuis oocyte expression system. When expressed in Xenopin laeuis oocytes, hTATl induced L- [$^{14}$ C]tryptophan transport which was not dependent on Na$^{+}$ or Cl$^{[-10]}$ in the medium. Uptake was time-dependent and exhibited a linear dependence on incubation time up to 30 min. The L- ($^{14}$ C)tryptophan uptake was highly inhibited by L-isomers of tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine, whereas other L-amino acids did not inhibit hTATl -mediated L- ($^{14}$ C)tryptophan uptake. The hTATl induced the relatively low-affinity transport of aromatic amino acids such as L- ($^{14}$ C)tryptophan, L- ($^{14}$ C)tyrosine and L- ($^{14}$ C)phenylalanine (Km values: 450～750 $\mu$M), consistent with the properties of classical amino acid transport system T. The L- ($^{14}$ C)tryptophan uptake did not show any remarkable pH dependence within the pH range of 5.5 to 8.5. The time-dependent efflux of L- ($^{14}$ C)tryptophan was detected from the oocytes expressing hTATl, which was not affected by the presence or absence of L-tryptophan in the extracellular medium, indicating that hTATl-mediated transport is due to the facilitated diffusion. Expression of hTATl in Xenopu laevis oocytes induced the transport of tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine, indicating that hTATl is a transporter subserving system T These results suggest that hTATl has essential roles in the absorption of aromatic amino acids from epithelial cells to the blood stream. Hecause hTATl is proposed to be crucial to the efficient absorption of aromatic amino acids from intestine and kidney, its defect such as blue diaper syndrome could be involved in the disruption of aromatic amino acid transport.ort.