• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.6813-6823
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• 2015

Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive of human brain tumors and has a stunning progression with a mean survival of one year from the date of diagnosis. High cell proliferation, angiogenesis and/or necrosis are histopathological features of this cancer, which has no efficient curative therapy. This aggressiveness is associated with particular heterogeneity of the tumor featuring multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, but also with implications of aberrant signaling driven by growth factors. The transforming growth factor ${\beta}$ ($TGF{\beta}$) superfamily is a large group of structurally related proteins including $TGF{\beta}$ subfamily members Nodal, Activin, Lefty, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factor (GDF). It is involved in important biological functions including morphogenesis, embryonic development, adult stem cell differentiation, immune regulation, wound healing and inflammation. This superfamily is also considered to impact on cancer biology including that of GBM, with various effects depending on the member. The $TGF{\beta}$ subfamily, in particular, is overexpressed in some GBM types which exhibit aggressive phenotypes. This subfamily impairs anti-cancer immune responses in several ways, including immune cells inhibition and major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and II abolishment. It promotes GBM angiogenesis by inducing angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-I) and insulinlike growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), contributes to GBM progression by inducing metalloproteinases (MMPs), "pro-neoplastic" integrins (${\alpha}v{\beta}3$, ${\alpha}5{\beta}1$) and GBM initiating cells (GICs) as well as inducing a GBM mesenchymal phenotype. Equally, Nodal promotes GICs, induces cancer metabolic switch and supports GBM cell proliferation, but is negatively regulated by Lefty. Activin promotes GBM cell proliferation while GDF yields immune-escape function. On the other hand, BMPs target GICS and induce differentiation and sensitivity to chemotherapy. This multifaceted involvement of this superfamily in GBM necessitates different strategies in anti-cancer therapy. While suppressing the $TGF{\beta}$ subfamily yields advantageous results, enhancing BMPs production is also beneficial.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.483-495
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the human pulpal response to Dentin Bonding Desensitizer. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of the first premolars and Dentin Bonding Desensitizer(ALL-BOND Desensitizer, Bisco, Inc. U.S.A.) was applicated in ten experimental teeth, or ZOE(PROPAC, GC Co. TOKYO, JAPAN) cement in eight control teeth and cavities were filled with light curing glass ionomer(Fuji II LC, GC Co., TOKYO, JAPAN). At 3-day and 25-day postoperative interval. pulpal response was observed and evaluated histologically with light microscope. The results were as follows. ; 1. At 3-day postoperative interval, the control teeth were grade 1 inflammatory cell response and grade 1 connective tissue response. 2. At 25-day postoperative interval, all control teeth were grade 1 inflammatory cell response and in three control teeth grade 1 connective tissue response were observed, and one teeth showed grade 2 connective tissue response. 3. At 3-day postoperative interval, the experimental teeth were grade 1 inflammatory cell response and grade 1 connective tissue response. Below the cavity, a few inflammatory cell(PMNs) in odontoblastic layer, increased blood vessels and pulpal cells were seen and this pulpal response was similar to control teeth. 4. At 25-day postoperative interval, in four experimental teeth grade 1 inflammatory cell response and grade 1 connective tissue response were observed, and one experimental teeth showed mild inflammatory response. 5. At 3-day and 25-day postoperative interval, no reparative dentin deposition was seen. 6. Both experimental and control group, pulpal response showed difference between 3 and 25-day of postoperative interval. In control teeth, increased predentin and pulpal cells were seen and in experimental teeth, congestion of blood vessels and increased pulpal cells were seen. In conclusion, the pulpal irritation due to this Dentin Bonding Desensitizer was not severe, and it was considered that the agent was not harmful to the human pulp.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.91-108
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to compare the maganitude of the discrepancies of the mounting errors in according to the states of dentitions, and to the superoinferior, anteroposterior, and rightleft driecetions. GROUP I. : Fourteen patients 22 to 26 years of age with a full complement of teeth, were used in the study. The criteria fro patient selection were a complete dentition, sparse restorarive treatment, and adequate posterior and anterior occlusan stops. And they had no sign and sympton at TMG area. GROUPII. : Eigth patients 37 to 62 years of age with bilateral free ends. The criteria for patient selection were Kennedy classification class 1 cases, and adequate posterior and anterior stops. And the opposite dentitions were a full complement of teeth. Irreversible hydrocolloid impresiion of each arch was taken of each patient. These were immediatel poured in stone and mounted on a Denar Mark II. Articulator with the arbitrary slidematic face-bow. With hand articulation th e mandibular cast was mounted to the maxillary cast in centric occlusion. Five types of interocclusal records were taken of each patient : (1) aluwax (2) baseplate wax; (3) znic oxide-eugenol pasts; (4) polyether (Ramitec); (5) modeling compound. All measurement of the five selected recording materials were compared with those of the hand-articulated full arch models in centric occlusion or maximum interdigitation. The results were as follows; 1. There were statistical differences in amount of devitation in according to the materials and the states of dentition. The amount of deviation of compound was the largest. 2. There were statistical differences in amount of deviation in complete dentition at all directions. The amount of diviation of compound was the largest. And at the right-left direction the amount of znic oxide-eugenol paste was larger than that of baseplate wax. 3. There was a statistical difference in amount of diviations in partial edentulous dentition at the superoinferior direction. The amount of deviation of compound was larger than that of znic oxide-eugenol paste. 4. There was as statistical difference in amount of deviations in partial edentulous dentition at the right-left direction. The amount of deviation of baseplate wax was larger that tnat of polyether. 5. There was not a statistical difference in amount of diviation in partial edentulous dentition at the anteroposterior direction.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2013

Objective : We investigated the effectiveness of stereotactic gamma knife Radiosurgery (GKR) for radioresistant brain metastases with the impact upon histology. Methods : Between April 2004 and May 2011, a total of 23 patients underwent GKR for 67 metastatic brain tumors from 12 renal cell cancers, 5 sarcomas and 6 melanomas. The mean age was 56 years (range, 18 to 79 years). Most of the patients were classified as the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis class II (91.3%). The synchronous metastasis was found in 6 patients (26.1%) and metachronous metastasis in 17 patients (73.9%). We analyzed the local control rate, intracranial progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results : The mean tumor volume for GKR was 2.24 cc and the mean prescription dose was 19.4 Gy (range, 10 to 24) to the tumor margin. Out of metachronous metastases, the median duration to intracranial metastasis was 3.3 years in renal cell cancer (RCC), 2.4 years in melanoma and 1.1 years in sarcoma (p=0.012). The total local control rate was 89.6% during the mean 12.4 months follow-up. The six-month and one-year local control rate was 90.2% and 83% respectively. Depending on the pathology, the control rate of RCC was 95.7%, sarcoma 91.3% and melanoma 80.5% during the follow-up. The common cause of local failure was the tumor bleeding in melanoma. The median PFS and OS were 5.2 and 8.4 months in RCC patients, 6.5 and 9.8 months in sarcoma, and 3.8 and 5.1 months in melanoma. Conclusion : The GKR can be one of the effective management options for the intracranial metastatic tumors from the radioresistant tumors. The melanoma showed a poor local control rate compared to other pathologies because of the hemorrhage.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.69-87
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• 2003

배 경 : Gemifloxacin은 그람음성 및 그람양성 균주에 대해서 모두 좋은 활성을 가지고 있는 fluoroquinolone 항균제로서, 임상균주를 이용한 in vitro 시험에서 다른 대조 quinolone에 비하여 S. pneumnoniae의 penicillin 내성 균주에 대해서 활성이 높을 뿐만 아니라, 다른 quinolone 항균제에 내성을 나타내는 S. pneumoniae 임상 균주에 대해서도 좋은 활성을 유지하는 것으로 밝혀져 만성기관지염의 급성악화(AECB)시 사용하기 적절한 치료제로 여겨진다. 목 적 : 한국인에서 AECB를 치료하기 위한 LB20304(gemifloxacin) 160mg 또는 320rng 1일 1회 7일간 투여의 유효성과 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방 법 : Gemifloxacin 100mg과 위약을 1일 1회 7일간 경구 투여한 환자 67명, gemifloxacin 320mg을 1일 1회 7일간 경구 투여한 환자 70명의 환자를 대상으로 무작위 배정, 이중맹검, 병행 치료군, 다기관, 2상 임상시험으로 실시하였다. 결 과 : 두 치료군의 인구통계학적 특징과 임상적 및 흡연 기왕력 등 기저 상태는 대등하였다. Per-protocol(PP) 환자군에서, 추적관찰 시점(days 14-21) 및 치료종료 시점(days 7-10)에서의 임상적 반응은 gemifloxacin 100mg군이 각각 84.2%, 96.5%, 320mg군이 각각88.7%, 96.4%로 두 군간에 유의한 사이가 없었고(각각 p=0.49, p=0.99), 추적관찰 시점 및 치료종료 시점의 미생물학적 반응도 gemifloxacin 160mg군이 각각 78.9%, 81.8%, 320mg군이 각각 84.2%, 86.4%로 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(각각 p=0.68, p=0.68) 본 임상시험에서 치료 전에 많이 배양된 병원균으로는 S. pneumoniae(12/52), H. influenzae(10/52), K. pneumoniae(6/52), M. catarrhalis(3/52) 로 K. pneumoniae가 비교적 많이 배양된 점을 제외하고는 기존에 알려진 AECB 시 배양되는 병원균의 분포와 큰 차이가 없었다. S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis 등 주요 병원 균에 대한 MIC는 전반적으로 다른 quinolone 항균제보다 gemifloxacin이 더 낮았고, 특히 S. pneumoniae(3 PRSP, 7 ERSP 포함)에 대한 gemifloxacin의 MIC(${\leq}0.03ug/ml$)는 다른 quinolone, beta-lactam, macrolide 항균제보다 월등히 낮아 gemifloxacin 이 AECB의 치료에 매우 유용한 항균제임을 보여주었다. 안전성 결과에서는 gemifloxacin 160mg 및 320mg 투여군 모두 시험약과의 관련성을 배제할 수 없거나 관련이 의심되는 중대한 이상반용은 관찰되지 않았고, 치료 중 및 치료 후 30일 기간동안, 이상반응을 최소한 하나 이상 보고한 환자가 gemifloxacin 160mg군은 26.9%, 320mg군은 31.4%이었다. 가장 흔히 보고된 이상반응은 간효소 수치의 증가로서, 발생 빈도는 160mg군에서 1/67명(1.5%), 320mg군에서 5/70명(7.1%) 이었다. 간효소 수치의 증가로 인해 탈락한 환자는 없었고, 중증도(severity)는 모두 경도(mild)였으며, 별다른 처치 없이 정상으로 회복되었다. 전반적인 이상반응의 profile에서 치료군간 주요한 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : 본 임상시험의 결과, 한국인에서 AECB를 치료하기 위한 gemifloxacin 160mg 또는 320mg 1일 1회 7일간의 투여는 임상적 및 미생물학적으로 매우 유효하고 안전하였다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.106-114
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• 2020

교통수단의 발달과 애완동물 시장의 확장은 외래생물의 국가 간 이동을 증가시키는 주요한 원인이 되고 있다. 게다가 최근 인터넷을 통한 판매는 애완동물 거래를 활성화하는 요인이 된다. 국내의 경우, 외래생물의 수입은 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 반면 수입된 외래생물들이 어떻게 그리고 얼마나 거래되고 있는지는 명확하지 않다. 일반적으로 야생에서 발견되는 외래생물 대부분이 방생의 결과라는 점을 고려하면, 애완동물의 거래 현황을 파악하는 것은 야생으로 유입될 수 있는 잠재적인 외래생물을 파악하는 것과 동일하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 2019년 1월 22일에서 2월 10일까지 총 25개 온라인 펫샵을 대상으로 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류의 종수, 빈도, 가격 등을 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 총 677종의 외래 양서파충류가 판매되고 있었으며, 그 중 뱀류이나 도마뱀류를 포함한 유린목(Squamata)이 전체 65.4%(443종)로 가장 많았다. 2019년도 온라인 펫샵에서 판매하는 외래 양서파충류 수는 과거 2015년 공식적으로 수입된 325종 보다 약 2.1배 많았다. 가장 많은 매장에서 판매하는 양서류는 Litoria caerulea(화이트청개구리)(21개 펫샵)였으며, 파충류는 Correlophus ciliatus(크리스디드도마뱀붙)(24개)였다. 외래 양서파충류의 가격은 최저 3천원이었으며, 최고가로 판매되는 종은 유린목의 Rhacodactylus leachianus(리취자이언트도마뱀붙이)의 1억원이었다. 온라인 펫샵에서 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류 중 야생에서 발견된 종은 총 11종으로 확인되었으며, 비교적 낮은 가격에 판매되고 있었다. 멸종위기야생생물 II급이자 천연기념물 제453호인 남생이와 생태계교란야생생물인 황소개구리(백색증, albino)가 온라인 펫샵에서 판매되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 온라인 펫샵에서 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류 677종 중 21.6%가 CITES으로 지정된 종이었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 국내로 수입되어 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류의 현황을 파악할 수 있었으며, 이는 야생으로 유입될 가능성이 있는 잠재적인 외래 양서파충류를 평가하고 예측하는 데 중요한 근거가 될 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.17-21
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• 1974

우리나라 전토양(田土壤)의 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)을 밝히고 토양(土壤)의 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)과 주요형태적(主要形態的) 특성(特性)과의 관계(關係)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 전토양(田土壤)의 평균(平均) 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)은 1.73%이며 대부분(大部分)이 0.6~2.5% 범위(範圍)에 있다. 2. 전토양(田土壤)의 토양아군별(土壤亞群別) 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)을 보면 화산회(火山灰) 황갈색(黃褐色) 반숙토(半熟土)에서 13.0%, 부식(腐植) 황갈(黃褐) 반숙토(半熟土)에서 6.3%로서 많은 편(便)이며 퇴적(堆積) 황갈색(黃褐色) 미숙토(未熟土)는 1.0%로서 가장 적다. 그리고 미숙토(未熟土)의 평균(平均) 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)은 1.1%에 반(反)하여 반숙토(半熟土)는 2.1% 및 1.8%로서 많다. 3. 토성별(土性別) 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)을 보면 단면(斷面)의 토성(土性)이 사질(砂質)인 토양(土壤)의 평균(平均) 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)은 1.0%, 사양질(砂壤質) 1.5% 식양질(埴壤質) 1.8%로서 이들 사이에는 점토(粘土)의 증가(增加)에 따라 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)도 증가(增加)하지만 식양질(埴壤質)과 식질간(埴質間)에는 큰차(差)가 없다. 이와같은 경향(傾向)은 표토(表土)의 토성(土性)에서도 볼수 있었다. 4. 경사(傾斜)와 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)의 관계(關係)에 있어서는 평탄지(平坦地)(1.3%)에 비(比)하여 경사지(傾斜地)(1.6%)에서 오히려 많은 경향(傾向)이며 특(特)히 15~30% 경사면(傾斜面)의 유기물함량(有機物含量)은 1.8%로 많았다. 5. 전토양(田土壤)의 적성등급(適性等級)에 따른 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)은 1급지(級地)에서 1.3% 2급지(級地)에서 1.6% 3급지(級地)에서 1.7% 4급지(級地)에서 1.2%로서 급지(級地)와 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)과는 관계(關係)가 없었다.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.43-71
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• 1975

Operations research has developed rapidly since its origins in World War II. Practitioners of O. R. have contributed to almost every aspect of government and business. More recently, a number of operations researchers have turned their attention to library and information systems, and the author believes that significant research has resulted. It is the purpose of this essay to introduce the library audience to some of these accomplishments, to present some of the author's hypotheses on the subject of library management to which he belives O. R. has great potential, and to suggest some future research directions. Some problem areas in librianship where O. R. may play a part have been discussed and are summarized below. (1) Library location. It is usually necessary to make balance between accessibility and cost In location problems. Many mathematical methods are available for identifying the optimal locations once the balance between these two criteria has been decided. The major difficulties lie in relating cost to size and in taking future change into account when discriminating possible solutions. (2) Planning new facilities. Standard approaches to using mathematical models for simple investment decisions are well established. If the problem is one of choosing the most economical way of achieving a certain objective, one may compare th althenatives by using one of the discounted cash flow techniques. In other situations it may be necessary to use of cost-benefit approach. (3) Allocating library resources. In order to allocate the resources to best advantage the librarian needs to know how the effectiveness of the services he offers depends on the way he puts his resources. The O. R. approach to the problems is to construct a model representing effectiveness as a mathematical function of levels of different inputs(e.g., numbers of people in different jobs, acquisitions of different types, physical resources). (4) Long term planning. Resource allocation problems are generally concerned with up to one and a half years ahead. The longer term certainly offers both greater freedom of action and greater uncertainty. Thus it is difficult to generalize about long term planning problems. In other fields, however, O. R. has made a significant contribution to long range planning and it is likely to have one to make in librarianship as well. (5) Public relations. It is generally accepted that actual and potential users are too ignorant both of the range of library services provided and of how to make use of them. How should services be brought to the attention of potential users? The answer seems to lie in obtaining empirical evidence by controlled experiments in which a group of libraries participated. (6) Acquisition policy. In comparing alternative policies for acquisition of materials one needs to know the implications of each service which depends on the stock. Second is the relative importance to be ascribed to each service for each class of user. By reducing the level of the first, formal models will allow the librarian to concentrate his attention upon the value judgements which will be necessary for the second. (7) Loan policy. The approach to choosing between loan policies is much the same as the previous approach. (8) Manpower planning. For large library systems one should consider constructing models which will permit the skills necessary in the future with predictions of the skills that will be available, so as to allow informed decisions. (9) Management information system for libraries. A great deal of data can be available in libraries as a by-product of all recording activities. It is particularly tempting when procedures are computerized to make summary statistics available as a management information system. The values of information to particular decisions that may have to be taken future is best assessed in terms of a model of the relevant problem. (10) Management gaming. One of the most common uses of a management game is as a means of developing staff's to take decisions. The value of such exercises depends upon the validity of the computerized model. If the model were sufficiently simple to take the form of a mathematical equation, decision-makers would probably able to learn adequately from a graph. More complex situations require simulation models. (11) Diagnostics tools. Libraries are sufficiently complex systems that it would be useful to have available simple means of telling whether performance could be regarded as satisfactory which, if it could not, would also provide pointers to what was wrong. (12) Data banks. It would appear to be worth considering establishing a bank for certain types of data. It certain items on questionnaires were to take a standard form, a greater pool of data would de available for various analysis. (13) Effectiveness measures. The meaning of a library performance measure is not readily interpreted. Each measure must itself be assessed in relation to the corresponding measures for earlier periods of time and a standard measure that may be a corresponding measure in another library, the 'norm', the 'best practice', or user expectations.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.160-171
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• 2022

강릉시 주수천의 어류군집 특징 및 쌀미꾸리의 서식지 특징과 연령을 밝히기 위해 2013년 1월부터 12월까지 조사를 실시하였다. 어류상 조사 결과 주수천은 10과 23종이 채집되었고, 우점종은 참갈겨니 Zacco koreanus (22.1%), 아우점종은 버들개 Rhynchocypris steindachneri (20.1%)였으며, 그 다음으로 민물검정망둑 Tridentiger brevispinis (10.7%), 대륙종개 Orthrias nudus (9.7%), 피라미 Zacco platypus (8.6%), 쌀미꾸리 Lefua costata (7.9%), 참종개 Iksookimia koreensis (6.0%), 가시고기 Pungitius sinensis (3.0%) 등의 순으로 우세하였다. 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생생물은 가시고기 1종이 채집되었고, 한국고유종은 참갈겨니, 참종개, 미유기 Silurus microdorsalis, 둑중개 Cottus koreanus 4종이, 회유성 어종은 황어 Tribolodon hakonensis, 빙어 Hypomesus nipponensis, 큰가시고기 Gasterosteus aculeatus, 연어 Oncorhynchus keta, 은어 Plecoglossus altivelis 5종이 채집되었다. 군집구조는 최상류(St. 1), 상류(St. 2~4), 중류(St. 5), 하류(St. 6)로 구분되었으며, 하천 건강성 평가는 매우좋음(5개 지점)과 좋음(1개 지점)으로 양호하였다. 쌀미꾸리의 주요 서식지는 하천 중·하류(St. 5~6)의 수초 지대로 하상이 펄로 이루어졌으며 수심 40~80 cm의 유속이 느린 정수역이었다. 또한 연령(암컷)을 전장빈도분포도로 추정한 결과, 산란이 시작되는 5월 기준 24~37 mm는 만 1년생, 38~51 mm는 만 2년생, 52~63 mm는 만 3년생, 64~77 mm는 만 4년생, 80~91 mm는 만 5년생 이상으로 추정되었다. 끝으로 주수천 어류군집 특징 및 쌀미꾸리의 서식지 특징과 연령 등에 대해 논의하였다.