• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.49-61
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• 1987

The main purpose of these studies was the improvemen of nutritional supply and of the future physical coditions. The two groups which were regional difference were chosen and research for the nutritional status of elementary school students. The nutritional status of lunch-box between one elementary School of 98 students in the 6th year grade(hence-forward it was called "A-Group"), located at the center of Masan City, being provided the milk and the other elementary School of 134 students in the 6th year grade(hence-forward it was called "B-Group"), located in the small farm and fishing villages of Kusan-myun, Euichang-kun, Kyungnam province, were seweyed from the period of Nov. 20, 1986 to Dec. 4, 1986 and conclusion were as follows: 1. Nutritional status of lunch-box 1) It is indicated that in the case of A-Group, the nutirtional intake except animal protein and vitamin A were lower than the Recommended Daily Allowances of Korenas and in the case B-Group, was also lower than except vitamin A respectively and especially in both groups, the percentage of Fe was lowest and intended difference between A Group and B was that B-Group in the intake of calorie, fat, Ca, Fe and etc were lower than A-Group. 2) The total calorie-intake was short of the extent to approx. 83.8% as compared to the RDA. On the viewpoint at ratio of intake of caloric nutrients, A-Group appeared to be 69.5 : 16.5 : 14 and B-Group, 77.5 : 19.5 : 13 in order carbohydrate, protein and fat. As a result of the above ratio, B-Group depended upon carbohydrate as a staple food more than A-Group. It can be considered that the total calorie-intake is short, and that the amount of lunch-box was greatly insufficient for taking optimal nutrition. 3) Calorie, carbohydrate, vitamin B, and niacin were taken nutrition from a staple food and protein from at similar ratio of staple and subsidiary food and fat, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B1, adn vitamin C were mainly taken from a staple food. It was indicated that B-Group was higher at the supply-ratio by a staple food than A-Group. 3. The realities of improvement of physical conditions The improvement of physical conditions of the two groups were lower in accordance with Korea Children's Growth Standard, but B-Group was inferior to A-Group. 4. Seeing that the total intake of nutrition being taken at lunch time was lower as campared to the RDA intakes between the two Groups were remakably different, a lot of efforts should be made to improve the calorie-intake for the purpose of the farm and fishing villages. For balanced intake of nutrition, selection of foods and various cooking ways are important, therefore, throughout the expansion of the lowest stratum of elementary schools for milk-supply, high-quality protein, fat, Ca, vitamin B2 and etc should be supplied to the growing students. That can narrow the gaps of the intake of nutrition and physical condition between the students who live in cities and the students who live in the country.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2000

The aims of this study are to establish a mode of housing life style that meet the demands of families living in big cities, and the contribute to the development of a better housing life style pattern by considering metropolitan residents' choice of housing and basic concepts of their behavioral patterns. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Value orientation of family life was divided into value orientation of family and value orientation of housing. Value orientation of family was constituted of four factors such as 'harmony', 'leisure and hobbies', 'individual development and its support' , 'education' . Value orientation of housing is constituted of three factors such as 'physical characteristics of house' , '\`environmental condition', 'socio-economic conditions of housing'. The comprehensive life values were constituted of six factors such as 'the importance of communal family', 'the importance of housing decoration and housing life benefits', 'the importance of security and holding environment' , 'the importance of familial harmony', 'the importance of privacy', 'the importance of convenience and natural environment'. Based on three factors, were found to be fine types of value orientation of family life which were 'pursue healthy of family', 'comfort of family', 'clean environment', 'convenient environment', and 'harmonious relationship among family members'. Variables influencing the value orientation of family life were property and price of housing. 2. Consumption propensity when buying house, furniture and durables were constituted of four factors which were propensity to 'beauty', 'fashion', 'tradition and symbol', and 'pragmatic use'. Based on these factors, there were found to be four types of consumption propensity when buying house, furniture and durables which were 'fashion', 'tradition and symbol', 'beauty', and 'pragmatic use'. Variables influencing spending habits were found to be objective social class (SES), types of residence, wife's educational background, and price of housing. 3. Propensity to using space were constituted of three factors which were 'convenience', 'politeness and social grace', and 'housekeeping'. Based on these factors, there were found to be three types of propensity to using space which were 'individuality', 'convenience', and 'politeness and housekeeping'. Variables influencing propensity to use of space were found to be objective social class (SES), wife's educational background, types of homeownership and price of housing 4. According to this study, there were found to be six patterns of housing life style: 1) family that seeks formalist life, 2) family that seeks harmonious life, 3) family that seeks active healthy life, 4) family that combine various factors, 5) family that seeks convenience, 6) family that stresses environment.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.31-37
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• 2017

In recent years, the increasing trend of ground subsidence in major cities has caused social problems. Aged sewer pipeline as a main attribute for the subsidence is simply replaced and maintained according to a survey result with related to its buried period. However, other attributes and risk analysis for the subsidence have not been well studied yet. In this point, this study proposed various environmental and structural attributes with related to sewer pipelines and, then, a method of ground subsidence risk evaluation with a certain level of reliability. In order to find effective attributes to ground subsidence near to sewer, the nearest sewerage data were extracted at the location of subsidence in the City of Seoul, and a level of correlation was analyzed between subsidence and individual attribute. The effective weight factors for the proposed attributes was estimated through AHP analysis and its applicability was verified by comparing the actual subsidence data to the risk evaluation in the pilot study district of Seoul.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.2 s.30
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• pp.71-80
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• 2006

It is required to study systematical on the concrete quality management to extend structure life because rebuilding effect is reducing under present condition of large sized and high stories structure. Concrete, which shows its intensity by hydrating action and a big change in quality according to hot weather and temperature, produces a lot of quality problem under hot and cold weather. Because of each specification and construction plan which does not have basic standard on site, concrete's quality is irregular and makes some defect. As a result, Dae-gu is fumed out to be the longest area after investigating application period and days focused on 8 cities weather information about t relationship between hot weather circumstance and construction environment. Therefore, we first surveyed the curing construction processing in the region and found out the problem of quality management. Then figure out the way of solution. Moreover, we integrated curing quality management, which is applied differently to each site, to have equal quality and to reduce defect from construction site. And then, based on various test of construction condition and analysis of quality management item, we suggest effective concrete quality management to make curing construction standard guide and plan under hot weather.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.124-132
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• 2013

An influx of the population to the city has soared due to industrialization. As times go by, cities become densely populated so Korean government started to construct a number of buildings including apartment housings. Because they have become functionally, structurally, esthetically deteriorated over the past two decades. some improvements are needed. There are mainly two ways to improve old buildings: remodeling and reconstruction. Between the two, the first one is more popular as it is less time-consuming and more eco-friendly. Demolition work comes first for both of them and it should not give negative effects since it is regarded as a CP(Critical path) in the overall process. For this reason, a thorough construction management must be done. The reality, however, demolition is managed by the construction manager's experiences and decisions. If the key factor of demolition which is the planning of manpower and machine equipment, is determined by unscientific and subjective judgments, its period and risk also will increase. In particular, eco-friendly demolition can be more risky because it's been rarely conducted. Therefore, scientific and objective ways of demolition management are needed. In this context, this paper aims at analyzing productivity in each process of demolition focusing on manpower and machinery equipment which are the main parts of demolition assuming that the demands of eco-friendly remodeling demolition projects will be increasing. At the same time, by estimating working period through the output, this paper would be helpful to set up the plans for overall project in earlier stage.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2006

Objectives : Radix Bupleuri is from the dried root of the herb of the Perennial herbaceous plant, Bulpleurum falcatum L. or Bulpleurum chinense DC. or Bulpleurum. scorzonerifolium Willd., family Umbelliferae. Medicinal Properties are bitter and pungent in flavor, slightly cold in nature and attributed to the liver and gallbladder meridians. Actions in modern Materia Medica are regulate the functional relation of internal organs to relieve fever, disperse the stagnated liver-qi and uplift yang-qi to raise sinking. The ‘uplift yang-qi to raise sinking’ efficacy, out of three efficacies (regulate the functional relation of internal organs to relieve fever, disperse the stagnated liver-qi and uplift yang-qi to raise sinking), has been disputed in the medical profession for a long period. Hereupon, this study ascertained the reason why it has been disputed. Methods : With respect to this medicinal herb, the efficacies of regulate the functional relation of internal organs to relieve fever, disperse the stagnated liver-qi and uplift yang-qi to raise sinking were described as to what was written in ‘Shen Nong's Herbal’ from Chin and Han dynasties until Jin and Yuan dynasties. Results : The beginning of Jin and Yuan dynasties, it began to deal with the ‘uplift yang-qi to raise sinking’ efficacy and so it has been carried on modern textbooks and medical books. The reason why it was added is that it was influenced by the theory of ‘Raise Sinking’ advocated by Zhang jieku who lived in the period of Jin and Yuan dynasties. Since then, the properties of ‘Radix Bupleuri’ have been wrongly known to the public. Additionally, ‘Radix Stellariae Seu Gypsophilae’, which was begun to be introduced from the Four Cities since the Five Dynasties, has been combined with the best stuffs of ‘Radix Bupleuri’ produced from Yin Zhou. Consequently, its original properties were remarkably disordered. Likewise, respective medical schools’ theories were changed by the influence of ‘Bulpleurum. scorzonerifolium Willd’ begun to be used since Tang dynasty. Conclusion : it is considered that the current ‘Raise Sinking’ efficacy of Radix Bupleuri is unreasonable to be applied to the efficacy of the whole Radix Bupleuri because it is limited to certain species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.28-35
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• 2012

Recently, as the social interest increase has been focused on new renewable energy system to build-up sustainable urban planning system, the related studies have been actively conducting. As well as in other areas, the construction area, which accounts for over 40% of the total energy consumption, clearly showed this tendency. Whereas, various landscape facilities applying renewable energy equipments have been manufactured and installed, systematic study available for planning and designing is rarely found in Korea. This study is expected to contribute to the landscape planning and designing by quantifying the energy-efficient and economic advantages of the renewable energy system for landscape facilities. For this purpose, the analysis on the energy-efficiency and economic values under the scenario that the current fossil power supply for the streetlights in urban parks in Seoul, Daegu, and Incheon were replaced by photovoltaic power generation were performed through RETScreen$^{(R)}$ a clean energy simulation program based on the NASA Satellite Meteorological Data. As a result, the generated power and the economic values vary depending on the climatic features of the appointed cities. This study will be used to build up the effective decision-making in applying the clean renewable system to the plan and design of landscaping.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.50-64
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• 2009

The freshwater lakes located at the fringe of urban cities are a habitat for diverse organisms. However, they are facing severe danger of environment deterioration and water pollution caused by reckless development of the area. In this study, an ecological management plan was suggested to promote the biodiversity through appointing management area based on the research and analysis data of flora and fauna as well as maintain biodiversity and harmonize utilization of freshwater lakes such as Duryang Reservoir at Sacheon, Gyeongsangnam-do. Base on the data of ecological research and analysis, this study conducted research on biotope assessment, wild life habitat assessment and presence of protected species. As a result, the ecosystem conservation area including multi-layer structured natural forests, waterside and wetland that are home to various species and the edge area with high habitat diversity were recognized as highly preservable regions. Management areas were ecologically disturbed region, highly polluted commercial district and damaged waterside caused by fishing. Proactive management must be implemented through vegetation management such as vegetation transition and shrub planting as well as establishing pollutant management system. The deterioration of waterside and forest vegetation of freshwater lake has a direct influence on biodiversity and water quality. Therefore, the conservation area and development area should be totally separated from each other, and the development area must be restored and managed strictly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.53-59
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• 2008

As cities become more industrial and modern, they become overcrowded and the construction zones increase accordingly. In particular, the demand for panel-type planting methods has gradually increased due to early planting and easy installation. However, studies on panel-type planting have strictly concentrated on the vegetation sub system or irrigation system without any interest in landscape-centered system. Factors of preference will be made through landscape evaluation on the panel-type facade planting. A questionnaire survey was conducted in a location where panel-type facade planting was available. In terms of responses to the facade planting, 'natural (3.80)' was the highest, followed by 'friendly (3.70),' 'comfortable (3.65),' 'beautiful (3.65),' and 'peaceful (3.50).' On the contrary, negative responses such as 'too quiet,' 'simple,' 'heavy,' 'gloomy,' 'dark,' and 'dirty' were also received. It is thought that these responses refer to the poor management of the area. The results of this study will be useful as basic data for the development and distribution of panel-type facade planting.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.14-26
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• 2018

Light has been an essential part of human life. The advancement of technology has changed cities' nightscape and night activities in a drastic way. Lighting has influenced the identity of a city while promoting a variety of civic nighttime cultural pursuits, yet lighting design has not been considered adequately in the field of landscape architecture. This study aims to analyze the current status of lighting in urban parks through interviews with professionals, literature and regulation reviews, analysis of design documents and a field survey focused on Yeouido Park in Seoul. The findings and improvement directions are as follows. First, it is necessary to develop a specific lighting design method in order to avoid a marginalized, passive approach such as light fixture installation. Second, the existing standards of illuminance by KS A 3011 regulating only horizontal illuminance has turned out not to evaluate the current nightscape of urban parks properly. Therefore the criteria and guideline for analysis and design for nightscape should be articulated. Third, there are no design or management strategies to consider the changing landscape of urban parks, which is necessary due to the changing characteristics of park ecosystems. Lastly, detailed guidelines for distinguished spaces in urban parks should be studied and suggested.