• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.19-41
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• 2017

This paper examines the aspects of changes in China's consumer market since the mid-1980s. By comparing urban and rural residents' expenditures, I find that the rural consumer market has exhibited extraordinary growth. Over the past decade, the consumption growth rate and average propensity to consume by rural residents have surpassed those of their urban counterparts, with the former's consumption patterns becoming increasingly similar to the latter's. Such a phenomenon prevails in rural areas which neighbor second-and third-tier cities where urbanization is progressing rapidly. These findings imply that Korean companies need to diversify their export goods in line with China's expanding rural markets while further differentiating their product composition to satisfy the heterogeneous demands in urban areas. With regard to the government, efforts must be made to strengthen the export cooperative system so that it targets not only urban but also rural markets in China.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

Since protecting the environment became a major issue in modern society, an increasing number of individuals have engaged in lifestyles of health and sustainability (LOHAS). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of restaurant and LOHAS images on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Particularly, this study analyzes the incremental information content of LOHAS image in the relationship between restaurant image and customer satisfaction/loyalty. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to customers of casual-dining restaurants in three major cities (i.e., Seoul, Daegu, and Busan) in South Korea. The empirical findings suggest significant incremental information content of LOHAS image beyond general restaurant image in explaining customer satisfaction and loyalty.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.237-248
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• 2017

China's rapid growth has created great opportunities for design and construction of projects that not only transform sites but cities. This work combines local, national, and international expertise in developing memorable designs that seek to humanize urban life and emphasize the importance of visionary clients. Innovative examples of work in China will be presented with emphasis on three iconic projects designed and built for Poly Corporation based in China. These projects include developments in Beijing and Guangzhou and introduce the use of locally supplied materials and construction techniques. The Poly Corporate Headquarters, the Poly Real Estate Headquarters, and the Poly International Plaza, and will be described through innovative ideas that integrate urban planning, structure, and architecture.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of parents' repeated reading of the same storybook on young children's independent reading. The subjects were forty five- and six-year-old children and their parents. The children attended four preschools and kindergartens in three cities, Ann Arbor, Northville, and Jackson, Michigan, U.S.A. The family SES varied. Observation of parent-child verbal interaction during storybook reading was carried out in a naturalistic way. The storybook used for this study was The Berenstain Bears visit the dentist(Berenstain & Berenstain, 1981). The parents were asked to read the stroybook aloud to the target child, as they usually did, four times within 2 weeks, but to audiotape the first and fourth reading. The paired t-test was employed to test for the difference in the frequency of the child's taking over of storybook reading between the fir-st and fourth reading. The results showed that children took over storybook reading more frequently in the fourth reading than in the first reading, irrespective of the family SES. Implications for future research in the area of storybook reading were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.123-137
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to forecast demand of childcare teachers based ion four different scenarios. In order to, the demand for childcare teachers from 2015 to 2024 were forecasted using time series techniques with data on the number of childcare teachers from 2003 to 2014. Results were as followings. Firstly, the demand for childcare teachers was expected to increase until 2019, but after 2020 steadily decreased in terms of scenario 1(child teacher ratio regulation). According to scenario 2(child teacher ratio based on 17 cities and provinces), the demand for childcare teachers was expected to need 440 teachers more until 2016. Then, according to scenario 3(two teachers each class), Scenario 4-1(one teacher and one staff each 2 toddler class and 3 older class) and scenario 4-2(one teacher and one staff each class), the demand of childcare teachers and staffs were estimated. These results implicated that childcare teachers and staffs supply policy would be established according to forecast demand.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.113-129
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• 2017

Universities are considered important actors and drivers of socio-economic development in the regional innovation eco-system. This article investigates the role Kenyan universities and research institutes play in the development of regional innovation eco-system in the context of triple and Quadruple helices. A model involving Government, Industry, Universities and Society (Public) linkages in the regional innovation eco-system and with Information and Communication Technology as an enabler is used as a framework for analysing the nature of linkages in Kenya. The article uses literature review and case study methods to examine how universities and research institutes can spur the development of the innovation eco-systems. The research question is: what is the role of Kenyan universities and research institutes in spurring innovation ecosystems? Six cases of Kenyan universities and research institutes are considered in the light of Government Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) which is underpinned in Kenyan constitution 2010. The study contributes to the understanding of how deep collaboration among universities, government, research institutes, Science Cities, local, regional, national and international players spurs the creation of world-class innovation ecosystems which can contribute to regional development in developing countries like Kenya.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2018

Air quality and pollution have recently become a major concern; vehicle emissions significantly pollute the air, especially in large and crowded cities. There are various factors that affect vehicle emissions; this research aims to find the most influential factors affecting $CO_2$ and $NO_x$ emissions using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) as well as a systematic approach. The modified ANFIS (MANFIS) was developed to enhance modelling and Root Mean Square Error was used to evaluate the model performance. The results show that percentages of $CO_2$ from trucks represent the best input combination to model. While for $NO_x$ modelling, the best pair combination is the vehicle delay and percentage of heavy trucks. However, the final MANFIS structure involves two inputs, three membership functions and nine rules. For $CO_2$ modelling the triangular membership function is the best, while for $NO_x$ the membership function is two-sided Gaussian.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-111
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• 2018

Buildings featuring a transfer structure can be commonly found in metropolitan cities situated in regions of lower seismicity. A transfer structure can be in the form of a rigid plate or an array of deep girders positioned at the podium level of the building to support the tower structure of the building. The anomalous increase in the shear force demand on the tower walls above the podium is a major cause for concern. Design guidance on how to quantify these adverse effects is not available. In this paper a simplified method for quantifying the increase in the shear force demand on the tower walls is presented. In view of the very limited ductile nature of this type of construction the analysis presented herein is based on linear elastic behaviour.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to find out how shipping company recognizes making partnership with the third party logistics provider and to give implication. Research design, data and methodology - Personal interview and questionnaire by E-mail, Fax, Mail, and telephone were used. 700 copies of the questionnaires were distributed and 155 copied were returned. Among collected questionnaires, 20 copies were excluded because of insufficient content, and therefore 135 copies were used. Results - Korea should change into new paradigm from old one based on current economic and social systems which has stemmed from bureaucracy, inflexibility chauvinism and equalitarianism. Flexible policies, administration and systems will be needed for better business practices. The Domestic logistics corporation needs to preoccupy strategic logistics hub and network. Conclusions - To be a center of North East Logistics, Korea needs more reasonable business law, systems and policies. Social norms and orders should be established to accomplish political and social security. A paradigm of the policy ruling over development of capital city and satellite cities shall make change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 1996

In most cities, travel demand is distributed along long corridors and its destinations tend to concentrate in a central business district. For this kind of many-to-one or one-to-many travel demand pattern, a zonal operation of buses can be an efficient bus operation technique in which a long bus-demand corridor is divided into service zones and each service zone is provided with its own bus route connecting the service zone and single destination separately. This paper develops models of the total transportation costs for a single-zone operation and 2-zonal operation of buses for a long demand corridor with single destination in terms of various cost parameters, demand density, bus operation speeds, and location of the boundary between two service zones. In this study the total transportation cost is assumed to consist of the bus operation cost, passenger waiting cost and passenger travel time cost. It was proved that a zonal operation of buses can be more efficient than a single-zone operation for certain circumstances of the system and an boundary condition between two operation techniques was obtained. Also, several case studies were performed for various values of the cost parameters.