• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.358-368
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• 2011

Objectives: In order to evaluate the association between occupational exposure to chloroethylene (TCE) and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), we conducted a meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies and casecontrol studies and attempted to summarize the evidence of the association from molecular-epidemiological studies and experiments with human cells. Methods: In the meta-analysis, we restricted the analysis to those studies with data for chlorinated solvents, degreasers, or TCE. Studies involving dry cleaners or launderers were excluded from the analysis because use of TCE as a dry cleaning fluid has been rare since the 1960s. The data were combined using a random-effects model to estimate the summary risks (OR and RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Molecular evidence of the effect of TCE on human immune system were also reviewed and summarized. Results: Occupational exposure to TCE was strongly associated with NHL among cohort studies (number of studies=13, summary RR=1.33, 95% CI=1.04-1.70) whereas the association was not statistically significant among case-control studies (number of studies=15, summary OR=1.10, 0.98-1.23). When exposure level was considered, it became statistically significant for the highest exposure level (number of studies=5, summary OR=1.70, 1.25-2.32). Molecular evidences showed that TCE exposure in human or cultured human cells may cause a significant decrease immune cell subsets and changes in hormone levels related to immune response. Conclusions: Our results from meta-analysis and additional molecular evidence suggest that occupational exposure to TCE may cause NHL. However, unmeasured potential confounding and unclear dose-response relationships warrant further study on the role of TCE exposure in NHL carcinogenesis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.689-695
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• 1999

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasonic extraction (USE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were compared with the well known Soxhlet extraction for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) from the XAD-2 resin which was used to adsorb PCDDs in the atmosphere. XAD-2 resin spiked with five PCDDs was chosen as a sample. The optimum conditions for the extraction of PCDDs by SFE were turned out to be the use of CO2 modified with 10% toluene at 100 ℃ and 350 atm, with 5 min static extraction followed by 20 min dynamic extraction. SFE gave a good extraction rate with good reproducibility for PCDDs ranging from 68 to 98%. The ultrasonic extraction of PCDDs from XAD-2 was investigated and compared with other extractions. A probe type method was compared with a bath type. Two extraction solvents, toluene and acetone were compared with their mixture. The use of their mixture in probe type, with 9 minutes of extraction time, was found to be the optimum condition. The average recovery of the five PCDDs for USE was 82-93%. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with a liquid solvent, a new technique for sample preparation, was performed under elevated temperatures and pressures. The effect of tem-perature on the efficiency of ASE was investigated. The extraction time for a 10 g sample was less than 15 min, when the organic solvent was n-hexaneacetone mixture (1 : 1, v/v). Using ASE, the average recoveries of five PCDDs ranged from 90 to 103%. SFE, USE, and ASE were faster and less laborious than Soxhlet extraction. The former three methods required less solvent than Soxhlet extraction. SFE required no concentration of the solvent extracts. SFE and ASE failed to perform simultaneous parallel extractions because of instrumental limitations.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.549-556
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• 2009

Trichloroethylene (TCE)와 tetrachloroethylene (PCE)은 주로 드라이클리닝 및 산업 세척액으로 쓰이는 염소계 화합물이며, 발암성 물질로 알려져 있다. In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO)는 토양 및 지하수를 처리하는 기술로, 지표 아래에 존재하는 오염된 지역까지 산화제를 전달하여 오염물질을 처리하는 기술이다. ISCO에 사용되는 산화제 중 persulfate는 강력한 산화제인 sulfate 라디칼 (${SO_4}^{-{\cdot}}$)을 발생시켜 처리하는 기법으로, 본 연구에서는 TCE와 PCE의 분해에 persulfate 산화공정을 적용하여 초기 pH (3, 6, 9, 12), persulfate의 농도 (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 M), 초기오염물질농도 (10, 30, 50, 70, 100 mg/L)에 대한 영향을 알아보았다. 초기 pH가 3 일 때, TCE와 PCE는 각각 93.2%와 89.3%로 가장 높은 처리효율을 나타낸 반면, 초기 pH가 12 일 때, TCE 55.0%와 PCE 31.2%로 가장 낮은 효율을 보여 pH가 높아질수록 처리효율이 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 persulfate의 농도가 증가할수록 TCE/PCE의 처리효율이 증가하였으며, 가장 높은 persulfate의 농도 (0.5 M)에서의 처리효율은 96.5% (TCE), 95.7% (PCE) 였다. 반면 초기오염농도가 높아질수록 처리효율은 낮아지는 경향이 나타났다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 가장 빠른 분해속도를 나타내는 조건은 pH 3, persulfate 농도 0.5 M, 그리고 오염물질 (TCE/PCE) 농도 10 mg/L이었고, 이때 구해진 1차 분해속도 상수 ($k_{obs}$)는 1.04 (TCE)와 1.31 (PCE) $h^{-1}$ 였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 황화철($FeS,\;FeS_{2}$) 유기 용매의 환원적 분해 반응과의 표면특성의 관계에 대해서 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. hexachloroethane(HCA)은 수소첨가반응, 탈염소제거반응과 탈수소탈염소화반응으로 pentachloroethane(PCA), tetrachloroethylene(PCE), trichloroethylene(TCE)와 cis-1,2-dichloroethylene(cis-1,2-DCE)로 분해되었다. FeS와 $FeS_{2}$를 반응 매개물로 HCA에 대한 반응에서 FeS는 $FeS_{2}$보다 분해반응 속도가 빠르게 나타났다. FeS와 $FeS_{2}$의 표면 특성 연구에서 각 광물질에 대한 친수성 표면 자리(Ns)를 정량적으로 계산하기 위해서 비표면적 값($107.0470m^{2}/g$와 $92.6374m^{2}/g$)과 표면 전위를 측정에 측정된 $PH_{ZPC}(FeS,\;PH_{ZPC}=7.42,\;FeS_{2},\;PH_{ZPC}=7.80)$ 값을 이용해서 계산한 결과 FeS와 $FeS_{2}$의 $N_{s}$값은 각각 $0.053\;site/nm^{2},\;0.205\;site/nm^{2}$으로 나타났다. 그리고 0.2 g/L Fe광물질에 대한 실질적인 친수성 표면 농도는 각각 $3.303{\times}10^{-6}\;mol/L$와 $1.102{\times}10^{-5}\;mol/L$ 나타났다. $FeS_{2}$는 FeS에 비해 훨씬 친수성 표면임을 실험 결과 확인하였다. FeS와 $FeS_{2}$의 두 광물질 중에서 유기 용매의 환원 반응 속도는 FeS가 훨씬 빠르게 나타났다.