• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.180-193
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• 2022

Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) is a multisystem disorder characterized by intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations and complications. Cerebrovascular events (CVE) are rare extraintestinal complications in patients with PIBD. Statistics show that 3.3% patients with PIBD and 1.3-6.4% adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience CVE during the course of the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to review the records of children with IBD who developed CVE during the course of the disease. We retrospectively reviewed 62 cases of PIBD complicated by CVE. The mean patient age at the time of thrombotic events was 12.48±4.13 years. The incidence of ulcerative colitis was significantly higher than that of Crohn's disease (43 [70.5%] vs. 13 [21.3%] patients). Most patients (87.93%) were in the active phase of IBD at the time of CVE. The mean time interval between the onset of IBD and CVE was 20.84 weeks. Overall, 11 (26.83%) patients showed neurological symptoms of CVE at disease onset. The most frequent symptom on admission was persistent and severe headaches (67.85%). The most common site of cerebral venous thrombosis was the transverse sinuses (n=23, 53.48%). The right middle cerebral artery (n=3, 33.34%) was the predominant site of cerebral arterial infarction. Overall, 41 (69.49%) patients who were mostly administered unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin (56.09%) recovered completely. Patients with IBD are at a risk of thromboembolism. CVE may be the most common type of thromboembolism. Based on these findings, the most common risk factor for CVE is IBD flares. In patients with CVE, anticoagulant therapy with heparin, followed by warfarin, is necessary.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.347-354
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• 2023

This study is a descriptive survey research aimed at examining the relationship between nursing college students' attitudes toward child corporal punishment, their Recognition of children's rights, and their intention to report child abuse. It also seeks to identify factors influencing the intention to report child abuse. Data were collected from April 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023, using a structured questionnaire administered to 194 nursing college students. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS/WIN 26.0 software and included descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Multiple Regression analysis. The research results showed a significant negative correlation between attitudes towards child corporal punishment and awareness of children's rights, and a positive correlation between awareness of children's rights and the intention to report child abuse. Attitudes towards child corporal punishment and the intention to report child abuse collectively explained 19% of the variance in the intention to report child abuse. Therefore, it is necessary to develop educational programs that allow prospective nurses, who have a legal obligation to report child abuse, to experience cases of child abuse, enhance their sensitivity to child abuse, and improve their intention to report child abuse.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.6-16
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• 1991

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was evaluated in 12 children ranging in age from 2.7 to 10.0 yr using $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ SPECT. For quantitative analysis, 13 pairs of homologous regions of interest (ROIs) were created on three attenuation-corrected 18.8 mm thick transverse slices matching the cerebral cortical regions, deep gray matter, cerebellar hemisphere, and vascular territories, and the semiquantitative indices including "right to left ratio" [(mean count/voxel of homologous right ROI) / (mean count/voxel of homologous left ROI)] and "regional index"(RI) [(mean count/voxel of a ROI)/ (mean count/voxel of all ROIs of each hemisphere)] were calculated. Mean values of right to left ratios of homologous regions ranged from 0.984 to 1.028 in children under 5 yr (group 1) and from 0.982 to 1.012 in children between 5 and 10 yr (group 2), and the mean $value{\pm}2S.D.$ for each region did not exceed 11% and 12% in group 1 and group 2, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the RIs of the homologous right and left regions. Significant differences of RIs were found both between vascular regions (p<0.0005 for goup 1, and p=0.0001 for goup 2) and between regions of cerebral cortices (p<0.0005 for group 1, and p<0.005 for group 2) with a relatively high value in the occipital cortex and the lower values in the cerebellum and deep gray matter among the regions of cerebral cortices in both groups. There were no significant differences between the RIs of corresponding regions of group 1 and group 2, except a significantly higher value of right deep gray matter in group 2 than in group 1(p=0.0301). The RIs of the superior frontal cortex and deep gray matter showed to be positively correlated with age (superior frontal cortex; right: rs=0.5254, p=0.0814, left : rs=0.5919, p=0.0496/deep gray matter; right: rs=0.8246, p=0.0062, left: rs=0.6266, p=0.0377). The results suggest that the rCBF pattern of children approaches that of adults in an accipito-rostral direction. This time course of rCBF changes is in agreement with behavioral, neurophysiological, and anatomical alterations known to occur in the developing brain.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

Background: TNF-$\alpha$ plays a major role in producing left ventricular dysfunction cardio-myopathy pulmonary edema and inhibits the compensatory mechanism of congestive heart failure. IL-6 is an acute reactant of immune reaction and also known to control immune reaction but its function in the myocyte was not clearly investigated. Author's performed this experiment to investigate the contents of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 on the assumption that TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 may reside in nonfailing heart that has gone cardiac surgery and play some role in cardiac function. Material and Method : Right auricular tissues were sampled from 12 patients who had undergone total corrective surgery for both congenital and acquired heart diseases from January 1998 to June 1998 in Kosin Universcfy Gospel hospital. The quantitive analysis of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 were assessed by ELISA method in right auricular tissue. Hemodynamic values about the pressure of ventricle atrium aorta pulmonary artery and cardiac index pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output were measured by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization and biochemical analyses of LDH & AST were done before operation. statistical analysis was by Paired Student t-test. Patients were divided into children(under 15 years olds) and adults groups and the data was compared beween two groups. Conclusion: Mild pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary vascular resistance were existed in both group. The contents of tissue TNF-$\alpha$ IL-6 in each group were independent of each data.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.341-353
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• 2006

Learning disorders are diagnosed when the individual's achievement on standardized tests in reading, mathematics, or written expression is substantially below that expected for age, schooling, and level of intelligence. Subtypes of learning disorders may be classified into two groups, language-based type learning disorders including reading and writing disorder, and nonverbal type learning disorder (NLD) such as those relating to mathematics & visuospatial skills, and those in the autism spectrum. Converging evidence indicates that reading disorder represents a disorder within the language system and more specifically within a particular subcomponent of that system, phonological processing. Recent advances in neuroimaging technology, particularly the development of fMRI, provide evidences of a neurobiological basis for reading disorder, specifically a disruption of two left hemisphere posterior brain systems, one parieto-temporal, the other occipito-temporal. The former is the reading system for beginner reading, the latter for skilled reading. Compensatory engagement of anterior systems around the inferior frontal gyrus(Broca's area) and a posterior(right occipito-temporal) system is noted in persistent poor readers in long-term follow up study. The theoretical model proposed to explain NLD's source is not right hemisphere damage, but rather the white matter model. The working hypothesis of the white matter model is that the underdevelopment of, damage to, or dysfunction of cerebral white matter(long myelinated fibers) is the source of this disorder. The role of an evidence-based effective intervention in the remediation of children with learning disorder is discussed.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2020

Background and Objectives: Currently limited information is available on speech stimuli processing at the subcortical level in the recipients of cochlear implant (CI). Speech processing in the brainstem level is measured using speech-auditory brainstem response (S-ABR). The purpose of the present study was to measure the S-ABR components in the sound-field presentation in CI recipients, and compare with normal hearing (NH) children. Subjects and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, participants were divided in two groups: patients with CIs; and NH group. The CI group consisted of 20 prelingual hearing impairment children (mean age=8.90±0.79 years), with ipsilateral CIs (right side). The control group consisted of 20 healthy NH children, with comparable age and sex distribution. The S-ABR was evoked by the 40-ms synthesized /da/ syllable stimulus that was indicated in the sound-field presentation. Results: Sound-field S-ABR measured in the CI recipients indicated statistically significant delayed latencies, than in the NH group. In addition, these results demonstrated that the frequency following response peak amplitude was significantly higher in CI recipients, than in the NH counterparts (p<0.05). Finally, the neural phase locking were significantly lower in CI recipients (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of sound-field S-ABR demonstrated that CI recipients have neural encoding deficits in temporal and spectral domains at the brainstem level; therefore, the sound-field S-ABR can be considered an efficient clinical procedure to assess the speech process in CI recipients.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2020

Background and Objectives: Currently limited information is available on speech stimuli processing at the subcortical level in the recipients of cochlear implant (CI). Speech processing in the brainstem level is measured using speech-auditory brainstem response (S-ABR). The purpose of the present study was to measure the S-ABR components in the sound-field presentation in CI recipients, and compare with normal hearing (NH) children. Subjects and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, participants were divided in two groups: patients with CIs; and NH group. The CI group consisted of 20 prelingual hearing impairment children (mean age=8.90±0.79 years), with ipsilateral CIs (right side). The control group consisted of 20 healthy NH children, with comparable age and sex distribution. The S-ABR was evoked by the 40-ms synthesized /da/ syllable stimulus that was indicated in the sound-field presentation. Results: Sound-field S-ABR measured in the CI recipients indicated statistically significant delayed latencies, than in the NH group. In addition, these results demonstrated that the frequency following response peak amplitude was significantly higher in CI recipients, than in the NH counterparts (p<0.05). Finally, the neural phase locking were significantly lower in CI recipients (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of sound-field S-ABR demonstrated that CI recipients have neural encoding deficits in temporal and spectral domains at the brainstem level; therefore, the sound-field S-ABR can be considered an efficient clinical procedure to assess the speech process in CI recipients.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.415-426
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• 2016

We researched the modern meanings of traditional dining table courtesy education and its correlation with the main values of contemporary personality education based on dining table courtesy education stated in the social norms texts of the Joseon dynasty. Among the social norms of the Joseon dynasty, we chose Sohak, Naehun, Dongmongsuji, Seonghakjibyo, Gyeongmongyogyeol, Jeungbosallimgyeongje, Sasojeol, and Koamgahoon for research. As a result of our research on these documents and books, the modern meanings of the courtesy education at the dining table can be summarized as follow. First, the courtesy education has table manners appropriate for the development level of early children. Second, it teaches right-handed dining manners that match the features of Korean food culture. Third, it has the self-discipline and the values of community life, sharing, solicitude, and communication. Fourth, parents and grandparents are involved in the education. Fifth, it has the core values of modern personality education: manners, filial piety, respect, solicitude, communication, cooperation, and responsibility. Future courtesy education at the dining table should include practical education programs that can consolidate the bond of sympathy between the home, school, and society, and can improve its practice; in addition, to expand the opportunities for education, proactive social support is demanded.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.sup1
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• pp.76-79
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• 2016

Tracheoinnominate artery fistula is a rare, fatal complication of tracheostomy, and prompt diagnosis and management are imperative. We report the case of tracheoinnominate artery fistula after tracheostomy in a 14-year-old boy with a history of severe periventricular leukomalacia, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. The tracheoinnominate artery fistula was successfully treated with a stent graft insertion via the right common femoral artery. Endovascular repair of the tracheoinnominate artery fistula via stent grafting is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for patients in poor clinical conditions and is an alternative to traditional open surgical treatment.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 2003

Myofibroma is a rare spindle cell neoplasm that consists of myofibroblsasts. Although it was originally described as a multicentric tumor process affecting infants and young children, it is now recognized that most cases of the tumor are soliatary and that it can occur at any age. This case is a myofibroma involving the right mandibular body in a 9-year-old boy. Radiographic examination revealed a relatively well-demarcated radiolucent lesion surrounding the impacted right mandibular canine and first premolar crown. The histologic sections composed of interlacing bundles of spindle cells with tapered or blunt-ended nuclei admixed with a foci of hemangiopericytoma-like appearance. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a positive reaction to vimentin and smooth muscle actin, but they are negative for desmin and S-100. The presence of well circumscribed radiolucent solid lesion in children as observed in this case, differential diagnosis of myofibroma must be included. In this case, there was no recurrence 6 months after enucleation and eruption guide of the impacted tooth is ongoing now.