• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.75-93
• /
• 1979

1. Partly because of Freud's greatemphaiss on the important of the child's successful weathering of the oedipal crisis and on the need to home both parents present if that period is to be successfully resolved, there has been a good deal of research on the effects of the absent father on the child's development. 2. Compared with boys whose fathers remained at home, boys were more immature and less secure in identification with their fathers. Some evidence suggests that father-absent children, particullarly boys suffer unusual difficulties in social relations wit their peers. 3. Emphasis on family quality , harmony, or climate as more important than father's absence, person is another recurrent finding among studies that attempt to analzed family factors in relation to juvenile deliquency. 4. The fatherless boys were more often judged to be anxious about sex and to be more effminated. 5. The sex-role problems of the boy without a father probably refect a number of factors, obviously they relate in part to the simple fact that he has not had a man around to provide a model of maliness. 6. Father is important to a girl's sex-role development not only because he is particularly interested in sex typing but also because he provides her with an opportunity to relate intimately to a man and to learn what it is like to invest emotionally in a male. 7. It is conceivable that children of broken marriages are more sensitive to martial problems and more ready than others to end an unhealthy relationship ; it is also conceivable that they are less likely to enter into a healthy one. 8. In some cultures it simply reflects the extreme amount of intimacy mother has with her son as compared with the amount of time compared with the amount of time father has available to spend with him.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.142-152
• /
• 1990

This Study was to determine the trend of child rearing attitude, to investigate how variables affect the child rearing attitudes, and to suggest directions for developing much needed parental effective training programs or counselling for autistic child in community. The subjects were seventy six mother's of autistic children who attending to 13 treatment institutions in Korea. The data were collected from 1, March to 30, May, 1985. Maternal Behavior Research Instrument exploited by Schaefer, used as 3 tool in this study. The research findings obtained were as follows : 1. Mothers, in general, had affective, restrictive attitudes, and were found to be affective, yet did not give a positive evaluation of children's behavior and used fear control extensively, thus made their children dependent. 2. There were no significant differences in child rearing attitude by children's sex and age. 3. There were no significant differences in child rearing attitudes by mother's age, education level and religion. 4. There was no significant difference in child rearing attitudes by father's occupation.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.187-203
• /
• 2002

This study explored father's proactive socialization beliefs as related to social behaviors of their children. The Subjects were 194 fathers and their 3- to 6-year-old children in Seoul. Instruments included 2 questionnaires : the Social Skills Questionnaire reported by fathers and Child Social Behaviors rated by teachers. Results showed that father's socialization beliefs varied in terms of the importance of social skills, the reasons why parents believe children acquire or don't acquire particular social skills, and the most effective strategies fathers hold for socialization of children. There were significant differences in father's proactive beliefs by sex of child, economic status, and fathers' educational level. Fathers who emphasized child's regulation of negative emotions had children showing low prosocial behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.77-89
• /
• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) children's field dependence by age and sex, (2) children's interpersonal problem solving ability by age, sex, and contextual factors, (3) children's interpersonal problem solving ability by field dependence. The subjects were 120 five-, seven-, and nine-year-olds. Children's field-dependence was measured with the Children's Embedded Figures Test (CEFT). Children's interpersonal problem solving ability was measured with the Preschool Interpersonal Problem Solving Test (PIPS Test). Statistical methods adopted for data analysis were frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviation, t-test, oneway ANOVA. $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test and Pearson's correlations. Major findings were that (1) The older children were more field-independent than the younger ones (2) The older children suggested more problem solving methods and higher-level problem solving strategies than the younger ones. (3) Children suggested higher-level problem solving strategies in contexts involving familiar as opposed to unfamiliar participants and contexts involving children as opposed to adults. (4) 9-year-olds' field-independence was positively associated with interpersonal problem solving ability.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.27-42
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate causal relationships among parenting stress, social support, parenting efficacy, and mothers' parenting behaviors as a function of child's sex. The subjects were 419 boys and 414 girls in the 3rd grade of elementary schools in Inchon city, and their mothers. Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus, 1979), Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1990), and Parenting Sense of Competence (Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978) were revised for use in this research. A modified version of the Social Support Scale (Pak, 1985) and Teamwork of Parenting Alliance Inventory (Abidin, 1988) were used. The data were analyzed with one way ANOVAS, Pearson's correlations, and covariance structural analysis by the LISREL 8.03 program. The results of this study were: (1) The more mothers felt parenting stress and the less they perceived social support and parenting efficacy. (2) The process leading to mothers' coercive parenting behaviors differed as a function of child's sex. For mothers of boys, parenting stress and social support had an indirect effect on coercive parenting behaviors through the mediation of parenting efficacy. For mothers of girls, however, parenting stress had a direct effect on coercive parenting behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.36 no.11
• /
• pp.61-72
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate parental emotion regulation and children's understanding of emotional display rules. 31 boys and 29 girls of the first and fourth grades and their parents were selected for the subject. Sixty children were interviewed on eight interpersonal conflict situations and parent completed the PACES(Saarni, 1985) separately. The main results of this study were as follows. 1) Children's understanding of emotional display rules increased with age. 2) Children's primary justification for using emotional display rules was self-protective one. Girls used more often prosocial justification than boys. 3) Parental emotion regulation was significantly different between the two contexts: a child might cause another person substantial emotional distress and a child didn't cause another person substantial emotional distress. 4) Parental regulation was differed by children's age in the context that the child might cause another person substantial emotional distress. 5) Father's regulation was differed by children's sex in the context that the child might cause another person substantial emotional distress. 6) Maternal regulation was positively correlated to the level of emotional display rules in the context that the child might cause another person substantial emotional distress.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.275-288
• /
• 1996

The purposes of this study were to investigate children's prosocial behavior by age and sex and to examine the relationship between children's prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behavior by costs and types of tasks. The subjects were 300 3th-and 6th-graders enrolled in elementary schools in Seoul. The revised form of Prosocial Moral Dilemmas including costs and types of tasks was used. The tasks of prosocial behaviors included time-cost tasks, money-cost tasks and physical strength-cost tasks. For data analysis, the paired t-test, two-way ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlations were used. Major findings were as follows; (1)There was age difference in children's prosocial behavior. 6th-graders performed at a higher level than 3th-graders. Sex differences weren't significant. In low- and high-cost tasks and in time-, money-, and physical strength-cost tasks, there were (2) Scores on high-cost behavior tasks were higher than on low-cost tasks. (3) Children's prosocial moral reasoning was positively related to prosocial behavior; in low- and high-cost tasks, and in time-, money-, and physical strength-cost tasks.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.131-140
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to describe relations between the rough-and-tumble play of preschoolers and their social competence. The subjects were 61 4-year-olds and 59 5-year-olds. Children were observed on a day care center playground during free play time. Teachers were asked to rate the children's social competence. The results indicated that the incidence of rough-and-tumble play varied according to the sex of the child and the physical environment of the playground. Children's rough-and-tumble play was negatively correlated with measures of social competence.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2005

This study was performed to clarify which variables affected a mother‘s empathic behavior shown in a mother-child play session. Mother’s empathy was videotaped and recorded during mother-child twenty minute play sessions. The variables considered in the research were the mother‘s parenting stress, age and education level, and the child’s sex and birth order. Twenty four mothers volunteered to participate in this study. The age of their children was restricted to 5 years. The results were as follows; First, mothers were verbally more accepting to their second or third child, and allowed their second of third child to lead more than their first child. And older mothers were more likely to accept their children's lead. Seconds, the mothers' parenting stress for acceptance of their children and stress of depression were higher in college graduate mothers than high school graduate mothers. Third, the mother's empathy and level of parenting stress did not show any significant relationships.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.155-172
• /
• 2015

This study aimed to identify the effects of mothers' variables and present children's variables on subsequent childbirth plan and to explore predictors of subsequent childbirth plan for non-employed and employed mothers. The subjects were 1,635 mothers participating in the Panel Study on Korean Children from 2008 to 2010 and having no subsequent children until 2010 after giving birth to children in 2008. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t test, ${\chi}^2$ test, and decision tree analysis. The main results of this study were as follows. Firstly, mothers' child-rearing stresses, child value, marital satisfaction, social support, present children's birth order and sex influenced mothers' subsequent childbirth plans, whereas mothers' average family income per month did not. Secondly, in the case of non-employed mothers, their present children's birth order and sex, and mothers' child value predicted their subsequent childbirth plan. Specifically, mothers whose present children's birth order and sex was first and female had the highest possibilities of subsequent childbirth plan, followed by mothers whose present children's birth order and sex was first and male, and child value was higher. Thirdly, in the case of employed mothers, their present children's birth order and mothers' marital satisfaction predicted their subsequent childbirth plan. Specifically, mothers whose present children' birth order was first and marital satisfaction was higher had the highest possibilities of subsequent childbirth plan. Finally, the study suggested the role of Home Economics Education in raising the rate of subsequent childbirth.