• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.19-41
• /
• 2017

This paper examines the aspects of changes in China's consumer market since the mid-1980s. By comparing urban and rural residents' expenditures, I find that the rural consumer market has exhibited extraordinary growth. Over the past decade, the consumption growth rate and average propensity to consume by rural residents have surpassed those of their urban counterparts, with the former's consumption patterns becoming increasingly similar to the latter's. Such a phenomenon prevails in rural areas which neighbor second-and third-tier cities where urbanization is progressing rapidly. These findings imply that Korean companies need to diversify their export goods in line with China's expanding rural markets while further differentiating their product composition to satisfy the heterogeneous demands in urban areas. With regard to the government, efforts must be made to strengthen the export cooperative system so that it targets not only urban but also rural markets in China.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.60 no.3
• /
• pp.37-50
• /
• 2018

Local climate characteristics for both urban and rural areas can be attributed to multiple factors. Two factors affecting these characteristics include: 1) greenhouse gases related to global warming, and 2) urban heat island (UHI) effects caused by changes in surface land use and energy balances related to rapid urbanization. Because of the unique hydrological and climatological characteristics of cities compared with rural and forested areas, distinguishing the impacts of global warming urbanization is important. In this study, we analyzed anthropogenic climatic changes caused by rapid urbanization. Weather elements (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation) over the last 60 years (1955-2016) are compared in urban areas (Seoul, Incheon, Pohang, Daegu, Jeonju, Ulsan, Gwangju, Busan) and rural/forested areas (Gangneung, Chupungnyeong, Mokpo, and Yeosu). Temperature differences between these areas reveal the effects of urbanization and global warming. The findings of this study can be used to analyze and forecast the impacts of climate change and urbanization in other urban and non-urban areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.49-60
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study utilizes the service design methodology centered on the lives and experiences of rural residents, who are the main beneficiaries of the service, to derive specific problems and needs, and to propose a service improvement plan suitable for the rural residential environment. The study selected Dosan 2-ri Village, Hongseong-gun, Chungcheongnam-do as the target of the survey, used personas and Customer Journey map of service design method to derive specific core issues and insights from the village residents. By developing this, the final five service directions for 'Air care service', 'Self-driving garbage collection and treatment service', 'Emergency/disaster networking service', 'Contaminant removal service' and 'Mobility share service' were derived and presented according to each key keyword. This study is not just a study to grasp the actual conditions of the rural residential environment, but it focuses on the lives and experiences of rural residents and extracts elements that can respond to changes in the lifestyles and patterns of the residents. It can be used as a basic material for more realistic improvement of rural residential environment and service development research. Most of the existing studies on residential environments and spaces is focused on urban areas, and there is a limit to the use of rural areas in residential areas. Therefore, by making recommendations for improvement of residential environment services suitable for rural areas and by creating residential spaces and environments in rural areas in a comfortable and safe manner, it is thought that it is possible to contribute to improvement of satisfaction in rural areas and improvement of healthy housing welfare as well as to improvement of the quality of life of residents of rural areas.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 2009

By the rural area health care special law in 1980, Primary health care posts were established in rural areas as fundamental elements of the national health system. Nurses have been deployed to the posts after taking an education course mandated by the special law. However, health care posts have confronted environmental changes over the past 30 years such as an aging and decreasing rural population and advanced traffic systems, which make it necessary to reshape their form and role. Therefore, some guidelines are suggested for future role enlargement of health care posts by analyzing their current management and duties. The guidelines are as follows: 1) enlarging the portion of prevention and management of chronic degenerative diseases, 2) development and practice of diverse health promotion programs, 3) extension of primary health care for the increasing older population, 4) development of health programs for married immigrants, 5) practice of timely maternal child health programs, 6) development of adequate health care posts for low-income people in rapidly urbanizing rural areas and in poor areas in big cities, and 7) revision of laws and institutional arrangements for the role enlargement of health care posts to match social changes and customer needs.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.71-79
• /
• 1995

The rural extension in Korea faces transient period since Green Revolution. The urban-centered rapid industrialization policies have initiated the changes in rural and agricultural sector. Nowadays, the World Trade Organization (WTO), newly established by the agreement of the Uruguay Round (UR), is accelerating the changes in rural areas. The rural structural adjustment program established in 1990, in order to cope with the internal and external changes encompassing rural Korea. The rural structure adjustment program is a political responses to reduce the development gaps among industries and regions within the country and to reinforce the price competitiveness of agricultural products toward trade liberalization. This study aims to apply the contents and principles of the rural structural adjustment program for the extension education. It argues that the rural extension should play a pivotal role to gather, process, and deliver the information related to the rural structural adjustment initiating rapid rural social changes. It suggests that the rural extension services should deal with the development of industries through introducing business management techniques and linking relevant laborers, and the education and employment guidance of potential employees as well as the technological assistance on farm management to farmers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.54-67
• /
• 1997

Korean societies have been experiencing the wholesale structural changes in the rapid currents of recent openness, globalization and democratization, which effect much more heavily in rural areas than in urban areas, so rural recomposition works being an important national concern. In order to systematically reconstruct the rural structure, the decision makers, with a four step hierarchy of rural resident-residents group-community-region, should be endowed with the objective judgement on basic elements of resource potentialities under their control. In this process. rational resource evaluation works would be firstly necessiated from expert groups. Based on the view mentioned above, this study principally aimed at developing a rational evaluation framework for rural resources. For that objective, the first step of the study pigeonholed the total resources items identifiable in rural areas from the existing study results, spatial planning and field surveying data. After then, using the formalized classification criteria of resources items, a tentative goal system for rural resources evaluation was proposed and the final one determined through expert-group checking. The results obtained during the study are summarized as follows ; 1. Using the existing examples of resources identification/classification and the basic data list for county-level development planning as the principal reference ones, total rural resources elements were classified into 3 constituent units : land, natural environment and human resources, which correspond to places to work, to play and to live, respectively, as 3 constituent ones of life-supporting space. 2. Three characteristic areal types were adopted to represent the total rural areas : lowland, upland and seashore areas, and also 3 practical use types to represent the objectives of resources evaluation systems : for land use planning, natural conservation policy and village improvement planning. Thus 9 different types of goal system for resources evaluation were developed(each system by 3 areal typesX3 practical use types) 3. Each goal system has 3-tier classification steps from the higher, middle and lower one. The higher and middle steps should contain equally applicable components to all the rural areas, of which allowable number being around 3 and 4 respectively. However the lower step would contain detailed sub-components changeable to areal characteristics of which allowable number being around 7.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.31-41
• /
• 1994

The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes of rural housing conditions by comparing the general housing indicators of rural area and those of urban. For those purposes, the indicators that present the housing conditions are set up, and the changes of average housing conditions are analyzed by a region : Shis(cities), Ups, Myons. For the analysis, Population and Housing Census Report and related data were used. Rural housing conditions have become better since the 1960s in the aspect of quality. They are, however, relatively much worse than those of urban areas. The gap of housing conditions between urban and rural housing is big, especially in qualitative indicators, which are housing facilities. Quantitative indicators, which are housing supply rate and ownership rate, are better than urban conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.123-135
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate industry-wise employment growth factors in rural areas. Regional economic vitalization is sensitive to internal and external interaction changes among various industrial and occupational sectors. Thus, rural regional economic vitalization requires a comprehensive approach in analyzing industry-dependent employment structures and growth factors in rural areas. However, research conducted thus far has mostly focused on agriculture and farmers. Considering the evidence that rural communities continue to be stagnant and 80% of the rural population is engaged in nonagricultural activities, it becomes necessary to review industry-specific employment change factors in rural areas. This study targeted 5 counties in Chungnam. The results revealed that agriculture, forestry, and fisheries occupied the foremost positions with regard to population employed and regional GRDP share. The influence of national growth on employment and business variation effects was as high as 98.1% and 78.6%, respectively, thus demonstrating the high likelihood of rural economy to be influenced by external factors. Growth in the public sector appeared to support employment structure. Moreover, wholesale and retail businesses, constituting 14.4% of employment in rural areas, showed a strong trend toward degeneration, to the extent that difficulties have been forecasted for the supply of goods and services essential for basic livelihood of the rural residents. The implications based on the above observations need to be considered for policy-making to ensure that industrial structure is modified on the basis of internal demand of the region, and support for small businesses is integrated in rural area development projects.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.46 no.7
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2004

A spatial simulation model for rural and urban sprawl phenomena was developed with GIS and cellular automata techniques. The model finds out built-up areas invading toward rural areas required for development of existing urban area. Probability of land use change for optimizing the development area was determined using a land suitability analysis method interfaced with GIS methods, based on several criteria in terms of geographic and accessibility factors such as slope of land and distance from city center. Weighting values of the criteria were quantified by an analytic hierarchy process method. For model applicability test, the parameters of criteria were calibrated based on the changes in time series land use data of the test city for 1986, 1996, and 2000, which were classified by remote sensing techniques. Simulated and observed areas in land use maps for city shape of 1996 showed good similarities with each other through a morphology verification method. The model enabled us to evaluate the spatial expansion phenomena of cities considering boundary conditions, and also to simulate land use planning for rural areas in urban fringe.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.223-234
• /
• 2008

This study aimed to develop the elderly care program for seniors in rural areas and to evaluate its efficacy through pre- and post-tests. For them, this study carried out a total of 8 sessions that includes 4 aims, such as understanding rural elderly, volunteer activities, psychological help, and aids to daily living, on 36 persons over the age of 60 years in rural areas. The data was analyzed by paired t-test to 36 elderly. The results of the study are as follows. First, looking at changes in knowledge about aging, objective evaluation of knowledge showed significant differences (t=-2.22, p<.05), but evaluation of elderly's perception-change didn't show significant differences between before and after. Second, volunteer attitude didn't show significant differences between before and after, but after the training, 75% of them answered 'yes' to question that asked whether they'd like to participate in elderly's volunteer caring activity for other elderly within the town in the future, which gave us certain expectation that the attitude towards volunteer activities might change positively in the future. Third, objective evaluation of knowledge for psychological help didn't show significant differences between before and after. But elderly's subjective perception showed significant differences (t=-2.82, p<.01). Fourth, evaluating changes in knowledge for elderly's aiding daily life, both the objective evaluation and subjective evaluation didn't show significant differences between before and after. Fifth, satisfaction of the program showed high scores over 4 points: contents, education methods, education place, education time. The most helpful topics for them were counseling (27.8%) and dementia (27.8%), followed by elderly and aging (16.7%), elderly's residential environment (13.9%), elderly's dietary life (9.3%) and volunteer activities (5.6%).