• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.678-686
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the cooking process of red beans used to prepare Bab (cooked rice) in cooking books published from late 19th century to the present. There are 3 different types of Bab that use red beans; Jungdeungbab, Patbab and Patsura, and cooking process vary between different cooking books. For making Jungdeungbab, one method is to cook the red beans in the water first, and then only the water, after draining the cooked red beans, is used to cook rice. The other method is to smash the cooked red beans and collect the water that passes through the smashed red beans to cook the rice. For Patbab, 2 cooking methods were found. One is to cook the whole red beans first and then to add them to the rice for cooking. Another method is to break the red beans into two pieces and mix them with rice and cook them together. Patsura is the red bean used to prepare the Bab offered to Kings during the Chosun dynasty(1392~1910). The cooking process of Patsura is similar to both Jundeungbab and Patbab. In Ijogungjeongyoritonggo(1957), the cooking method of Patsura is similar to that of Patbab; breaking red beans into two pieces and then mixing them with rice and cooking them together. Another method, which is similar to Jungdeungbab, is found in Ijogungjeongyoritonggo(1957) and Hangukyoribaekguasajeon(1976). In Ijogungjeongyoritonggo(1957), the cooking method is to cook the red beans first and then squeeze them after putting them into a sack and then using the extract to cook rice. In Hangukyoribaekguasajeon(1976), the red bean is prepared by first cooking red beans in water, and then only the water, after draining the cooked red bean, is used to cook rice. In further studies, the cooking procedures used in the previous period of the late 19th century should be examined.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2004

The retention rate of riboflavin in two cooked vegetable salads (spinach salad and sesame leaf salad) were examined at every cooking stage, holding temperature and holding time, with various cooking methods, and a better food preparation method developed. The riboflavin contents of the samples were analyzed by HPLC, with fluoresence detection. The changes in the pH and water contents of the samples were measured during the holding stage at various temperatures and times. There were significant differences in the riboflavin contents during the various preparation and cooking processes, such as trimming, washing, boiling and parching etc. The retention rates of the riboflavin with the various holding methods and cooking temperature were also significantly different. The boiling process caused large losses of riboflavin: in the cases of spinach salad and sesame leaf salad these were 78％ and 52％ respectively. The pH and water contents showed faster change during 0-6 hours than during 6-12 hours.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.535-550
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the cooking process of $Bibimbab$(cooked rice mixed with various ingredients) appeared in cook books published after Korean modern era, approximately from late 19th century to the present. 7 cook books were chosen to be analyzed. It is found that the ingredients were mixed with the rice before being served in the cook books written in late 19th century until mid 20th century, while the ingredients were separately decorated on top of the rice in the cook books written from mid 20th century until late 20th century. $Gochujang$(Korean chilly paste), which is common spicy seasoning for $Bibimbab$ in the present time, appeared only in $Hangukeumak$(1987) which is written in late 20th century. Prior to $Hangukeumak$(1987), chilly powder or chilly was used for chilly-based spicy seasoning. Cook books written in late 19th century until mid 20th century, ingredients used for $Bibimbab$ had complicated cooking methods such as $Jeonyueo$(assorted pan-fried delicacies), $Nurumi$(fried beef skewer with various vegetables) and $Sanjeok$(grilled beef skewer). From mid 20th century until late 20th century, among the cook books analyzed in this research, only $Hankukyoribaekguasajeon$(1976) suggested $Jeonyueo$ as an ingredient, and in general, the cooking method for preparing beef became simpler. For further studies, firstly, the cooking procedures used for $Bibimbab$ in the prior period to the Korean modern era need to be examined for more information about the changes of cooking style of $Bibimbab$. Secondly, new $Bibimbab$ recipes for modern restaurants could be created by using the recipes used in the historical cook books. Finally, the definitions of culinary terms used in historical cook books need to be clarified.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.485-492
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• 2013

The temperature changes of dumpling(mandu) during cooking process were examined and the effects of time-temperature and/or time-size interactions on internal temperature were studied. Mandu was purchased from local markets and classified by its weight(small, medium, and large). Boiling, steaming, pan frying, and deep fat frying were adopted. Internal temperature was measured with a food thermometer in every one minute. The internal temperature of mandu increased over time in every cooking process(p<0.05). After three minutes the internal temperature of mandu in boiling, pan frying, and deep fat frying reached over at $74^{\circ}C$, which is high enough temperature to kill the harmful bacteria, but not in steaming. The internal temperature of mandu was significantly affected by cooking time, size, and both in boiling, steaming, and deep fat frying(p<0.05). There were significant differences between the internal and surface temperatures of mandu in the cooking processes except pan frying in three minutes(p<0.05). The results of this study indicate three minutes' cooking of the mandu by boiling, pan frying, and deep fat frying is safe enough to eat. However, longer steaming time is needed in order to reach safe temperature. This study also indicates the cooking time and size of mandu appear to be major factors in determining the internal temperature achieved at $74^{\circ}C$. More research is needed to check time to reach a safe temperature in the cooking process of mandu by steaming.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 1985

취반(炊飯) 중의 가열반응(加熱反應)에 의하여 일어나는 주요 쌀성분(成分)의 화학적(化學的) 변화(變化) 및 휘발성(揮發性) carbonyl 화합물(化合物)의 생성(生成) 양상(樣相)을 쌀밥 및 누른밥으로 나누어 살펴 본 결과는 다음과 같다. 취반에 의한 가열반응(加熱反應) 결과 총(總)아미노산 및 유리아미노산 중의 몇 가지 아미노산이 감소되었으며 그 감소율은 유리아미노산에서 더 높았고, 환원당 역시 감소되었다. 또한 유지획분에 있어서 구성지방산 조성(組成)의 경미한 변화, 요오드가(價)의 감소, 지방산(價)의 증가 등을 주목할 수 있었다. 한편 휘발성향기성분에서 carbonyl 화합물을 분리하여 GC, GC-MS, TLC 방법에 따라 잠정적으로 8개의 carbonyls을 확인하였고(4개는 완전히 동정(同定)함) 이들의 조성을 비교하였다. 전반적으로 쌀밥보다는 누른밥에서 이와 같은 화학적 변화가 심하였고 쌀밥과 누른밥의 주요 휘발성 carbonyl 화합물 조성도 상이(相異)하였다. 그리고 이러한 취반과정에서는 변화와 관련되는 가열반응(加熱反應) mechanism을 아울러 검토하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.325-331
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• 1990

소시지의 세조공정 중의 주 공정인 쿠킹공정에서 가장 영향을 많이 미치는 인자는 쿠킹온도와 상대습도이다. 따라서 쿠킹공정에서 에너지의 효율성을 높이기 위해 상기 인자와 소시지 직경의 변화에 따른 쿠킹시간을 측정하여 쿠킹시간 예측모델식을 수립하였다. 또한 쿠킹 전후의 일반성분 분석과 중량변화 및 각 온도와 상대습도에서의 TPA 분석을 하였다. 쿠킹시간 예측모델식을 SPSS computer program을 이용하여 가장 오차가 적은 범위에서의 예측모델식을 얻었다. 쿠킹시간 예측모델식을 쿠킹온도와 상대습도와 소시지 직경에 대한 각각의 함수관계를 Scattergram을 작성하여 R-square값을 가장 높은 함수를 취하여 각각의 모델식을 수립한 후 독립변수와의 관계를 종합하여 예측값을 구할 수 있는 최종적인 예측모델식을 수립하였다. 또한 소시지 직경 1.5cm에 대한 쿠킹 동안 중량변화는 온도와 상대습도가 적게 소모되어 소시지의 중량변화가 적게 일어남을 알 수 있었다. 물성치를 측정해 본 결과 온도와 상대습도의 변화에 따른 경도와 응집력의 값은 크게 변화가 일어났으나 반면에 탄성과 저작성의 값은 그 변화가 다소 적게 일어남을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.225-231
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• 1994

As the way of mass process of red pepper, extraction of oleoresin, which is labile during distribtuion and long-term storage, is alternative way to minimize markdown of red pepper quality. Changes of carotenoid pigments in modified oleoresin during cooking at high temperature were investigated. Dried red peperwas milled to 100 mesh of size particle and oily compounds were extracted by reduced pressure steam distillation. The rest part was reetracted and concentrated. The extracts were combined . The same volume of water and 4 % of polyglycerol condensed ricinoleate (PGDR) were added to the combined extract, and emulsified to make oleroesin. Capsanthin among dried red pepper, was the most abundant carotenoid (97.80mg%) followed by $\beta$ -cartoene, cryptoxanghin ,violaxanthin, crypotocapsin, and capsorubin. Oleoresin is acquiesce in the same order of raw red pepper. Transmittal of color components from raw red pepper to oleroresin was over 85% in cryptoxanthin, crytocapsin, and $\beta$ -carotene, over 70% in capsolutein and hydroxycapsolutein, and under 50% in antheraxanthin and mutatoxanthi Crytocapsin cryptoxanthin, an capsorubin in oleoresin red pepper were remained 72.1, 51.8 and 25.25, respectively, after cooking for 5hours at10$0^{\circ}C$. Color compounds were unsteady by cooking , About 90% of color compounds were destroyed by 3 hours cooking at 15$0^{\circ}C$. But, they were more thermostable under nitrogen circumstance than air one.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.351-357
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• 2010

돼지고기 목심을 섭취할 때에 동물성 지방과 콜레스테롤의 섭취를 줄일 수 있는 효과적인 가열조리방법을 제시하기 위하여 돼지고기 목심을 삶기, 찌기, 굽기 및 튀기기의 방법으로 가열조리한 후, 이화학적 특성의 변화를 조사하였다. 가열조리에 따른 가열감량, 탈수량, 탈유량 및 탈콜레스테롤양은 튀기기 처리구에서 가장 많았다. 시료의 pH는 가열 조리에 의하여 증가하였고, 시료로부터 추출한 지질의 굴절율은 튀기기 처리구에서 가장 많이 증가하였다. 시료의 경도, 점착성, 저작성은 튀기기에 의하여 가장 많이 증가하였고, 탄력성은 가열조리에 의하여 거의 변화되지 않았으며, 응집성은 가열조리에 의하여 증가하였다. CIE $L^{\ast}$값은 가열조리에 의하여 증가하였는데 찌기 처리구에서 가장 많이 증가하였고, CIE $a^{\ast}$값은 가열조리에 의하여 감소하였는데 삶기와 찌기 처리구에서 크게 감소하였으며, CIE $b^{\ast}$값은 삶기와 찌기 처리구에서는 약간 감소하였지만, 굽기와 튀기기 처리구에서는 약간 증가하였다. 가열조리 방법에 따른 시료의 지방산 조성은 튀기기 처리구를 제외하고는 거의 변화가 없었다. 그러므로 돼지고기 목심을 섭취할 때, 튀기기 방법이 동물성 지방이나 콜레스테롤의 섭취를 줄이는데 효과적이라고 생각되었으나 기호적인 가치 등을 고려한 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.626-634
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• 2017

This study set out to identify the changes in the nutrient contents during the chicken cooking process as basic data for the establishment of a national health nutrition policy. Samples were produced using 3 chicken parts (wing, breast, and leg) and 7 cooking methods (boiling, pan-cooking, pan-frying, deep-frying, steaming, roasting, and microwaving), and the essential amino acid contents, principal components, and retention rates were analyzed. Weight loss was observed in all chicken parts with all cooking methods. The protein and essential amino acid contents of the chicken samples differed significantly according to the part and the cooking method (p<0.01). The protein and essential amino acid contents (g/100 g) of raw and cooked chicken parts showed ranges of 16.81-32.36 and 0.44-2.45, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) clearly demonstrated that the cooking methods and chicken parts produced similar trends for the essential amino acid contents. The retention rates of the chicken parts varied with the cooking methods, yielding a minimum value of 83% for isoleucine in a roasted wing, 91% for protein in a steamed breast, and 77% for isoleucine and lysine in a roasted leg. Therefore, the protein and amino acid contents of the roasted breast were higher than those of the other cooked chicken parts.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.406-411
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• 1998

조리방법이 시판 햄 및 소시지의 NA 생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 가스레인지 (GR), 전자레인지 (ER) 및 데친 후 전자레인지(BE)로 조리하였을 때 생성되는 NA를 GC-TEA로 분석하였고, 동시에 NA 생성에 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된 질산염 및 아질산염도 분석하였다. 조리 전 햄의 질산염 및 아질산염질소의 함량은 각각 2.0, 1.8mg/kg이었으나 조리과정 중 단일 햄에서는 미량 증가하였고, 혼합햄에서 질산염질소는 감소하였으나 아질산 염질소는 증가하였다. 소시지의 질산염 및 아질산염 질소는 각각 1.8, 0.9mg/kg이었으며 조리과정 중 질산염질소는 감소한 반면 아질산염질소는 미량 증가하였다. 햄과 소시지 모두에서 NA는 NDMA만이 검출되었는데 조리방법에 관계없이 모두 조리과정 중 증가하는 경향을 보였고 가스레인지로 조리한 경우는 평균 6.0~70.7배, 전자레인지 및 데친후 전자레인지로 조리한 경우는 각각 평균 2.4~39~2, 7.0~56.3배 증가하였다.