• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.372-389
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• 1995

The frequency with which administration of chemotherapy for gynecological cancer treatment is used has increased along with the use of surgery and radiotherapy Among the various side effects of chemotherapy, stomatitis causes a problem of function and sensation in the oral cavity. This oral discomfort can be categorized into two components ; perceived oral symptoms and observed oral symptoms. If the oral problem continues, it may cause infection, bleeding and nutritional deficiencies. As a result of this condition, compliance with the treatment process can be affected as well as the prognosis for the cancer patients. But as the oral discorrfort usually appears after chemotherapy, it is often not reported to the health care personnel as a patient problem. Without problem identification of the oral discomfort and ability to assess the problem, effective intervention cannot be planned. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the pattern and the degree of oral discomfort due to cancer chemotherapy and thus to provide data for identification of the patient problem and for nursing assessment. The design of this study was a longitudinal de-scriptive study The subjects were in - patients who received chemotherapy under the diagnosis of gynecological cancer between Mar. 15, 1994 and May 15, 1994 at a general hospital in Seoul, Korea. The number of subjects was 64 and they were divided into two groups, one of 41 (A : 5FU & Neoplatin), the other of 23(B : Neoplatin, Cytoxan, Adriamycin), according to the treatment regimen. The data were collected for 24 days using self-re-port instruments. The instruments were the 「Perceived Oral Symptom Assessment Tool」 and 「Observed Oral Symptom Assessment Tool」 developed by this researcher. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-PC program, ANOVA, t-test, paired t-test and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient were applied. The results of this study are as follows : 1. In A regimen the peak time for perceived oral symptom scores was the fifth day after chemotherapy, and the tenth day for observed oral symptom scores. Both of the problems started on first day of chemotherapy and were not resolved completely until the 24th day after treatment. 2. In B regimen, the peak time for perceived oral symptom scores was on the seventh day after chemotherapy, and the eighth day for observed oral symptom scores. It was noted that perceived oral symptom scores were higher than observed oral symptom scores consistently for 24 days. Both also started on first day of chemotherapy, and were not resolved completely until the 24th day after chemotherapy. 3. There were no differences statistically in perceived oral symptom scores between A and B regimen. The loss of appetite and xerostomia caused the most severe discomfort in both of these two groups. 4. The were no differences statistically in observed oral symptom scores between the A and B regi moil. In the A regimen, the highest observed symptom scores were the lips, gingiva, tongue and buccal membrane in that order. But in the B regimen, the highest observed symptom scores were tongue, lips, buccal membrane and gingiva in that order. 5. In A regimen, the patients who had gingival edema and dentures had significantly higher perceived oral symptom scores. And those who had gingival edema and bleeding, foul odor and aphthous stomatitis had significantly higher observed oral symptom scores. 6. In B regimen, the patients who had the experience of stomatitis in the last course of chemotherapy had significantly higher perceived oral symptom scores. Those who had gingival edema had significantly higher observed oral symptom scores. 7. In the A regimen there was no correlation between lab values for lymphocytes and albumin with perceived oral symptom scores and observed oral symptom scores. In the B regimen, there was a significant negative correlation between lymphocytes and albumin with the observed oral symptom scores, but not between perceived oral symptom scores and lymphocytes and albumin values. In conclusion, the nurse should expect that the patient undergoing chemotherapy will complain severely about subjective discomfort and before objective physical change is observed. Also the patients who have chronic oral problems such as dentures, gingival edema and bleeding, foul odor, aphthous stomatitis will complain of severe oral discomfort due to chemotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.853-859
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• 2011

We developed and investigated sugar-soaked black soybean snack (SSBSS) to increase the availability of black soybean. The most desirable moisture contents and texture properties of hardness and gumminess in preparing SSBSS were obtained at a sugar concentration of $40^{\circ}brix$ for the first sugar soaking step and $50^{\circ}brix$ for the second sugar soaking process. Sensory evaluation also showed that SSBSS prepared with $40^{\circ}brix$ for first sugar soaking step and $50^{\circ}brix$ for the second sugar soaking process was graded higher than the other samples in all questionnaires. Prepared SSBSS had a final moisture content of $5.50{\pm}0.39%$, crude protein content of $16.25{\pm}0.07%$, and crude lipid content of $34.26{\pm}3.95%$. The ash and carbohydrate contents of SSBSS were $0.51{\pm}0.05%$ and $43.48{\pm}0.01%$, respectively, and the final glucose content was $10.20{\pm}0.10^{\circ}brix$. GABA concentration was $15.24{\pm}1.47\;mg$/g and the contents of daidzein, genistein, daidzin, and genistin were $695.7{\pm}6.08\;{\mu}g$/g, $810.6{\pm}3.9\;{\mu}g$/g, $755.8{\pm}39.6\;{\mu}g$/g, and $1640.7{\pm}390.8\;{\mu}g$/g, respectively. In addition, the phenolic compound and flavonoid contents in SSBSS were $0.16{\pm}0.01$ and $2.33{\pm}0.40\;mg$/g, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2007

Recently, the demand for the powdered products to process raw grains and vegetables has been expanded, and the growth possibility of their fields(markets) in the future will be highly valued with the westernization of living environment and the change of the dietary life. We have bought and analyzed the 111 products of raw grains and vegetables from the large-sized marts, markets and internet orders from March to October 2006. The rate of moisture content was $1.7{\sim}12.5%$. We also found out that the foods over 10% moisture content was 8 of those samples we bought or collected. Their ash rates were averagely $0.3{\sim}8.6%$. The number of those foods that the alien substances were detected was 2. The tar pigments, artificial sweeteners and sulfur dioxides of components that contained food additives were not detected. Each detection range of Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic of the injurious heavy metals was non-detectable $(nd){\sim}0.55,\;nd{\sim}4.52,\;nd{\sim}0.10mg/kg$, while the average detection content were 0.08, 0.48, 0.01 mg/kg. By investigating the contamination degree of the microflora, we discovered that the number of the aerobic plate count, B. cereus over 1,000 cfu/g and C. perfringens over 100 cfu/g was 36 (32.4%), 9 (8.1%) and zero, and that the whole sanitation condition of the products of powdered raw grains and vegetables circulated in the market was not so good.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.399-404
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• 1975

In order to study on the utility for feed of several leguminosae tree leaves, the leaves of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were collected from several places of Daejon city and Daeduck-Kun at the different growing seasons. The leaf productivities, the change of the contents of chemical components on the different growing seasons. and the palatability trial were determined. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Leaf productivities of Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were higher than that of Lespedeza spp., and the highest production of Amorpha' fruticosa was showed in august and that of Robinia pseudo acacia was showed in september. 2. Crude protein contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were determined to 12.6, 18.63 and 15.87% respectively and the protein contents of them showed gradual decrease as growing. 3. Crude fat contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were determined to 9.00, 5.85 and 4.70% respectively, and they displayed gradual increase as growing, 4. Crude fiber contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were determined to 14.97, 12.61 and 9.80% respectively, and they showed gradual increase as growing. 5. The content of nitrogen free extract of Robinia pseudo acacia showed higher than those of Lespedeza spp. and Amorpha fruticosa, and all of them displayed gradual decrease as growing. 6. Crude ash contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia determined to 4.40, 4.98 and 5.27% respectively, and variable changes were appeared as growing. 7. The results of palatability trial for three leaves showed superior to the order of Lespedeza spp., Robinia pseudo acacia and Amorpha fruticosa, and the dried leaves were more favorable than green leaves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1996

The object of this study was to examine the effects of air pollution on forest vegetation structure in the vinicity of Sasang industrial complex in Korea. Forest vegetation structure was investigated at 19 sample plots surrounding industrial complex and at one site away from industrial complex as a control. The results obtained were as follows; 1. For analysis of vegetation structure, upperstory of forests was mostly consisted of Pinus thunbergii, and partly of Alnus firma and Robinia pseudoacacia. In midstory, major components were Pinus thunbergii, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rhus trichocarpa, Rhus chinensis and Styrax japonica, In lower story, Pinus thunbergii was a minor component, while Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus serrata, Rhus trichocarpa. and Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense which were known to be resistant to air pollution were found in large number. Especially, importance percentage of Robinia pseudoacacia was high, while that of Rhododendron mucronulatum was low in surrounding industrial complex. 2. For woody plants, number of species, species diversity and similarity index in industrial complex, were not significantly different from those in control plot. 3. For herbs, Oplismenus undulatifolius appeared in large number in most plots. The $SDR_3$ of Miscanthus sinensis, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Paederia scandens, Spodiopogon cotulifer and Carex humilis were high, but that of Aster scaber, Saussurea seoulensis, Solidago virgaaurea var. asiatica and Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina were low in the vicinity of industrial complex. 4. Number of herb species decreased to below 10 species at surrounding industrial complex as compared to 20 species in the control plot. In addition species diversity, and similarity index in the industrial complex were lower than those in control plot. It may be concluded that Pinus thunbergii forests in industrial complex consists of tree species resistant to air pollution, and that composition of woody vegetation in industrial complex was not much different from control plot, while composition of herbs was already quite different between the two plots. Forest vegetation structure, therefore, may change with time due to air pollution in the industrial complex.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1979

Free amino acids and total free sugar of kimchi were identified. Free amino acids of kimchis were extracted by 80% ethanol and isolated by ion exchange chromatography. Identification and quantitative determination of individual free amino acids were performed by amino acid autoanalyzer. Free sugar of kimchis was extracted by aqueous ethanol and isolated by ion exchange chromatography. Quantitative determination of it was perfermed by spectrophotometer. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Lysine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, cysteine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were found in all kimchis. 2. The change of free amino acid composition during fermentation of kimchis was not observed, but the amount of total free amino acids of fermented kimchi decreased as compared with those of raw kimchi. 3. In kimchi containing 10 ml of fermented anchovy solution/100 g of chinese cabbage, the amount of total free amino acids was more than that of fermented salt kimchi and the characteristic flavor of it was attributed to such amino acids as lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, valine, methionine, isoleucine and leucine. 4. Large amount of free sugar in raw salt kimchi decreased during fermentation, but, after fermentation, significant difference of free sugar content between salt kimchi and kimchi containing fermented anchovy solution was not observed.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1371-1383
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• 2022

In this study, the amount of coal waste dump was calculated using six Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) produced between 2006 and 2018 in Jangseong-dong, Taebaek-si, Gangwon-do, and the subsidence was observed by applying the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric SAR (PSInSAR) technique on the Sentinel-1 SAR images. As a result of depositing activities using DEMs, a total of 1,668,980 m³ of coal waste was deposited over a period of about 12 years from 2006 to 2018. The observed subsidence rate from PSInSAR was -32.3 mm/yr and -40.2 mm/yr from the ascending and descending orbits, respectively. As the thickness of the waste pile increased, the rate of subsidence increased, and the more recent the completion of the deposit, the faster the subsidence tended to occur. The subsidence rates from the ascending and descending orbits were converted to vertical and horizontal east-west components, and 22 random reference points were set to compare the subsidence rate, the waste rock thickness, and the time of depositing completion. As a result, the subsidence rate of the reference point tended to increase as the thickness of the waste became thicker, similar to the PSInSAR results in relation to the waste thickness. On the other hand, there was no clear correlation between the completion time of the deposits and the rate Of subsidence at the reference points. This is because the time of completion of the deposits at all but 5 of the 22 reference points was too biased in 2010 and the correlation analysis was meaningless. As in this study, the use of DEM and PSInSAR is expected to be an effective alternative to compensate for the lack of field data in the safety management of coal waste deposits.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1123-1131
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• 2008

This study was performed to confirm of biological function of black garlic, it heated for 11 days at $40{\sim}90^{\circ}C$ (first step: heate for 2 days at $90^{\circ}C$, second step: heated for 4 days at $80^{\circ}C$, third step: heated for 4 days at $60^{\circ}C$ and fourth step: heated for 1 day at $40^{\circ}C$). Samples were analyzed physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity. Hunter L, a and b values were decreased during processing, and then inner part Hunter values were highly decreased at the second step. The moisture contents were decreased to 58.48${\pm}$0.41 g/100 g at fourth step. pH was also acidified to pH 4.22${\pm}$0.02, but O.D. value at 420 nm was increased during processing of black garlic. At fourth step, total phenolics and flavonoids contents were increased about 1.9 and 2.6 folds than first step sample. Also, total pyruvate and thiosulfinate contents were increased about 1.6 and 5.8 folds as change of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. Fructose contents were the highest level among free sugars and its contents increased to 2,454.45${\pm}$4.20 mg/100 g. Contents of sucrose and maltose were decreased during processing of black garlic. The contents of total minerals were the highest at fourth step (1,009.20${\pm}$6.91 mg/100 g) during its processing. Contents of glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid were detected higher than other composition amino acids. Taurine and ethanolamine were not detected in the first step sample, but they were detected 0.88${\pm}0.60{\sim}1.06{\pm}$0.04 and 0.28${\pm}0.4{\sim}0.5{\pm}$0.09 mg/100 g in next processing step, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging ability of water and ethanol extracts from black garlic was increased during its processing. Abilities of DPPH radical scavenging were the highest in fourth step sample, its abilities were 67.40${\pm}$0.21% in 1,000 ${\mu}g/ml$ of water extracts. Reducing power was also significantly higher in water extract than ethanol extract on the whole.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.215-223
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• 1978

In Korea, the annual production of watermelon and cantaloupe melon is around 110,000 to 170,000 Metric Tons, and as the fruit does not keep well, studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of preservation in the form of natural juice or lactic fermented juice. The results obtained in these studies are summarized as follows: (1) The average yield of juice obtained from watermelon was 56.2%, and from cantaloupe melon 65.8%, of the fresh weight. (2) The colloidal components of watermelon juice separated from the juice by sedimentation within 24 hours. Cantaloupe melon juice gave a stable colloidal dispersion. (3) No change in the colour of the juices was detected by sensory evaluation or instrumental methods after they were treated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. (4) The addition of canesugar to give a total solids content of 11/13 Brix gave juices which were preferred by most tasters. (5) Lactic fermentation of natural juices pasteurised at $90^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes, and inoculated with a pure culture of lactic acid bacteria proceeded without interference from competing microorganisms. (6) Sensory evaluation of lactic fermented juices indicated that 60% of tasters found the juices as acceptable or better than commercial fruit nectars at present on the market. (7) Taste panels showed a preference for natural melon juices over the lactic fermented juices. (8) The peroxidase activity of cantaloupe melon juice was higher than that of watermelon juice, with juice extracted from the core of the fruit showing a higher activity than that from other portions of the tissue. (9) Two types of peroxidase, of differing heat stability were detected in both juices. The more heat stable peroxidase had a decimal reduction time of 40 minutes at $80^{\circ}C$ and a z value of $11^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.353-366
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was assessment the quality of water by using the statistical analysis technique of the Water flow and water quality from January 2012 to December 2016 at the unit basin for total pollutant load management system (TPLMS) in the Imjin River. Water flow and water quality were monitored at an average of 8 day intervals, 11 parameters were used for correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), and cluster analysis (CA). The Hierarchical CA was classified into three according to the change of space, such as natural rivers, urban rivers, point with large influence of point pollution source, it was found that the type of contamination source the similarity of water quality affected the classification of cluster. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Analysis, there were statistically significant differences between mean values among the clusters. Correlation analysis showed the correlation coefficient between $COD_{Mn}$ and TOC was 0.951 (p<0.01) and the correlation was statistically significantly higher. According to the result PCA and FA, 3 principal components can explaining 72% of the total variations in water quality characteristics and main factor was EC, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, TN, TP and TOC indirect indicators of organic matter and nutrients were influenced. This study presented the regression equation obtained by applying the factor scores to the multiple linear regression analysis and concluded that the management Indirect indicators of organic matter and nutrients is important for water quality management in the Imjin River basin.