• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 1993

Fibriuraseouensis와 요꼬가와흡충을 흰쥐에 혼합감염시키고 충체 회수율과 소장 병 변을 각 충체를 단독 감염시켰을 때와 비교하였다. 동시 감염군은 흰쥐 한 마리에 두 흡충의 피낭유충을 각각 1,000개씩 감염시키고 20일 후에 도살하였다. 도전 감염군은 F. seoulensis 피낭유충을 1,000개씩 감염시키고 10일 후에 요꼬가와흡충 피낭유층 1,000개씩으로 도전 감염 시켰으며 그 10일 후에 도살하였다. 동시 감염 군에서 F. seoulensis와 요꼬가와흡충은 각각 평균 250마리와 118 마리가 회수되어 단독 감염군과 아주 비슷하였지만 F.seoulensis의 경우 십이지장에서 평균 223마리로 단독 감염 군보다 높았으며 공장에서는 26마리로 낮았다. 도전 감염군에서 F. seoulensis의 총 충체 회수율은 단독 감염군과 비슷하였으며 부위별로는 동시 감염군과 같았으나 요꼬가와흡충은 평 균 69마리가 회수되어 단독 감염 군보다 현저히 낮았으며 십이지장에서 평균 7마리, 공장에서 평균 45마리, 회장에서 평균 17마리가 회수되어 기생부위가 넓어겼고 공장보다 회장에서 더 많은 충체가 회수된 단독 감염군과 달랐다. 동시 감염군에서 십이지장의 융모는 비후, 융합, 단축이 흑 seodenis 단독 감염군에 비하여 매우 심하였으며 선와 상피세포가 과증식되었으나 기질층의 염증 세포 침윤은 덜했다. 공장과 회장의 융모 위축은 요꼬가와흡충 단독 감염 군보다 가벼웠다. 도전 감 염군은 동시 감염군과 유사하였으나 십이지장의 선와 상피세포 증식은 심하지 않았으며 공장과 회장의 접막하조직에 염증반응이 있었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 소장 상부에 먼저 기생하고 있는 F. seoulensis는 소장응모의 위축과 염증을 일으켜 나중에 감염되는 요꼬가와흡충에게 불리한 환경을 조성함으로써 이 흡충이 소장 하부에 정착하는데 영향을 미친다고 생각된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2007

In order to determine the role of Peyer's patch lymphocytes (PPL) in self-clearing of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in murine models, changes in PPL subsets, their cytokine expression, and in vitro IgG1 and IgA secretions by PPL were observed in primary- and challenge-infected C57BL/6 mice. In primary-infected mice, the percentages of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, slgA+ B cells, IL-2+ T cells, and $IFN-{\gamma}+$ T cells among the PPL, increased significantly (P < 0.05) on day 10 post-infection (PI). Secretion of IgG1 and IgA in vitro by PPL also increased on day 10 PI. However, all these responses, with the exception of IgG1 and IgA secretions, decreased in challenge-infected mice on day 7 post-challenge (= day 13 PI); their IgG1 and IgA levels were higher (P > 0.05) than those in primary-infected mice. The results suggest that murine PPL play an important role in self-clearing of primary C. parvum infections through proliferation of CD4+, CD8+, IL-2+, and $IFN-{\gamma}+$ T cells, and IgG1 and IgA-secreting 8 cells. In challenge infections, the role of T cells is reduced whereas that of 8 cells secreting IgA appeared to be continuously important.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2007

Infection structures were observed using a fluorescence microscope at the penetration sites on the leaves of potato plants pre-inoculated with the bacterial strains Pseudomonas putida TRL2-3, Micrococcus luteus TRK2-2, and Flexibacteraceae bacterium MRL412, which mediated an induced systemic resistance on potato plants against late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans. In order to compare the infection structures on the leaves expressing systemic acquired resistance, the leaves of potato plants pre-treated with DL-3-amino butyric acid (BABA) were also observed after challenge inoculation with the same pathogen. The infection structures were investigated. The total number of germination and appressorium formation of P. infestans were counted. Furthermore, the frequencies of fluorescent epidermal cells at the penetration sites, which indicate a defense response of plant cell, were estimated. There were no differences on the germination rates of the fungal cysts among the untreated control, BABA pre-treated, and bacterial strains pre-inoculated plants. However, appressorium formation was slightly decreased on the leaves of BABA pre-treated plants compared to those of untreated as well as bacterial strains pre-inoculated plants. Furthermore, the frequencies of fluorescent cells of BABA pre-treated and bacterial strains pre-inoculated were higher than that of untreated plants, indicating an active defense reaction of the host cells against the fungal attack. On the other hand, the pre-treatment with BABA caused a stronger fluorescent of epidermal cells at the penetration sites compared to the pre-inoculation with the bacterial strains. Interestingly, the frequency of fluorescent cells by BABA, however, was lower than that by the bacterial strains. Based on the results it is suggested that the infection structures showing resistance reaction on the leaves of potato plants were different between by pre-inoculation with bacterial strains and by pre-treatment with BABA against the late blight pathogen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.541-548
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• 2003

The Immunoglobulin $IgG_1$ and $IgG_2$ isotype immune responses of domestic ruminants and mice to Cowdria. ruminantium live infection or by immunization with inactivated organisms were determined by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Immunization of goats with inactivated elementary bodies (IEBs) led to a predominant $IgG_1$ isotype response. This indicated that a Th2 response was induced. After challenge, the IgG isotype responses were mixed whereby both $IgG_1$ and $IgG_2$ antibodies were detected. Two goats that survived virulent challenge had a predominant $IgG_2$ isotype response. In cattle live infection by natur l challenge or experiment led to a predominant $IgG_1$ isotype response. Immunization of cattle with IEBs however led to mixed IgG responses characterized by similar $IgG_1$ and $IgG_2$ ratios. In the mouse live infection led to a predominant $IgG_2$ isotype response. This indicated the mouse developed a true Th1 type cell mediated immune response when inoculated with live organisms. Immunization with inactivated organisms on the other hand led to a dominant $IgG_1$ response. It is evident from this work that the immune responses of ruminants and mice to C. ruminantium are different and that using mice as the experimental model for immune responses to Cowdria ruminantium. is not the appropriate.

• 약학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.190-194
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• 2003

As previously reported, an immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal antibody (MAb) B6.1, specific for a cell wall B-l,2-mannotriose, was protective against vaginal infection due to Candida albicans when mice were treated with the antibody. In this study, the role of neutrophil was examined in the protective effect of MAb B6.1 against vaginal infection. To deplete neutrophils, mice were given intravenously rat anti-mouse neutrophile MAb RB6-8C5 prior to intraperitoneal administration of MAb B6.1 to these mice. The mice were examined for antibody in their reproductive tract. By an ELISA, MAb B6.1 was found in the vaginal homogenates, but no antibody was detected in vaginal lavage materials. The neutropenia was induced by a single dose of the anti-neutrophil antibody, but lymphocytes were also partially depleted. The protective effect of MAb B6.1 was decreased when mice pretreated with MAb RB6-8C5 were given the anti-Candida antibody before challenge with C. albicans yeast cells intravaginally. These results show that neutrophils are involved in the MAb B6.1 protection against Candida vaginal infection.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2012

아이코사노이드는 곤충의 다양한 세포성 면역 반응을 중개한다. 본 연구는 면역반응에 따라 혈구세포 밀도 변화에 대한 아이코사노이드의 새로운 중개 기능을 밝히기 위해 수행되었다. 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua) 5령충은 세균 감염에 따라 2 시간이 지나면 총혈구수의 현격한 증가를 보였다. 이 총혈구수 증가는 주로 부정형혈구와 소구형혈구 밀도의 증가로 해석되었다. 파밤나방 유충에 phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$) 억제자인 dexamethasone을 처리하면 세균 처리에 의한 총혈구수 변화가 일어나지 않았다. 하지만 dexamethasone을 처리한 유충에 $PLA_2$의 촉매산물인 arachidonic acid를 첨가하면 총혈구수 증가가 회복되었다. 이러한 혈구 밀도 변화에 원인으로서 아이코사노이드 종류를 추적하기 위해 cyclooxygenase (COX)의 억제자인 naproxene을 처리한 결과 총혈구수 증가가 억제되고, lipoxygenase (LOX)의 억제자인 esculetin을 처리하면 총혈구수 증가가 유지되어 COX 산물이 세균 침입에 따른 총혈구수 증가에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다. COX의 생산물인 prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$)를 세균 없이 단독으로 처리할 때도 총혈구수의 뚜렷한 증가를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 파밤나방의 세포성 면역반응 과정에서 총혈구수 증가를 중개하는 아이코사노이드의 새로운 기능을 제시하고 있다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2007

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an important bacterial pathogen that causes chronic gastritisand is associated with gastroduodenal ulcer disease, adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach, and gastricH. pylori infection associated with host agehave not been well-defined in human. To evaluate the difference in host susceptibility to infection in relationto age of acquisition of H. pylori infection, we designed an experiment involving inoculation of H. pyloriATC 43504 at different ages of Mongolian gerbils. H. pylori was inoculated at 5 weeks and 18 monthsof age, as representatives of early and late infection, respectively. Animals were sacrificed 1 week and 4weeks after challenge, and the stomach was removed from each animal for bacterial culture, histologicalexamination, and polymerase chain reaction test. 5 week-old gerbils revealed infection andmaintained continuously its infection until 4 weeks. However, old gerbils did not maintained H. pyloriinfection. These data suggest the insusceptibility of H. pylori in old Mongolian gerbils and the importanceof animal ages for successful animal experimental infection. Also, the results demonstrated that earlyinfection of H. pylori increases its host susceptibility, as compared to the case with later infection, possiblybecause of differences in host gastric mucosal factors and imunologic responses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2013

Effects of dietary Scutellaria baicalensis extract (SBE) on growth, feed utilization and challenge test of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were determined. Six hundred thirty fish averaging 5.0 g were distributed into 18, 180-L tanks. Six experimental diets were prepared in triplicate: SBE-0, SBE-0.5, SBE-1, SBE-2, SBE-3 and SBE-5 diets containing SBE at the concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5%, respectively. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 wks. At the end of 8-wk feeding trial, ten fish from each tank were infected by Edwardsiella tarda for challenge test. Survival and weight gain of fish were not affected by dietary concentrations of SBE. However, specific growth rate of fish fed the SBE-2 diet was higher than that of fish fed the SBE-0, SBE-1, SBE-3 and SBE-5 diets. Neither feed efficiency nor serum chemical composition of fish was affected by dietary concentrations of SBE. The cumulative mortality of fish fed the SBE-0 diet was 100% at 96 h after E. tarda infection, but 77 to 87% for fish fed the other diets. Dietary inclusion of 2% SBE appears to be recommendable to improve specific growth rate of fish and SBE had the potential to mitigate mortality of fish at E. tarda infection.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.1173-1181
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• 2016

Salmonella spp. are gram-negative flagellated bacteria that cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals, ranging from mild gastroenteritis to severe systemic infection. To explore development of a potent vaccine against Salmonella infections, the gene encoding outer membrane protein L (ompL) was inserted into the swinepox virus (SPV) genome by homologous recombination. PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays were used to verify the recombinant swinepox virus rSPV-OmpL. The immune responses and protection efficacy of rSPV-OmpL were assessed in a mouse model. Forty mice were assigned to four groups, which were immunized with rSPV-OmpL, inactive Salmonella (positive control), wild-type SPV (wtSPV; negative control), or PBS (challenge control), respectively. The OmpL-specific antibody in the rSPV-OmpL-immunized group increased dramatically and continuously over time post-vaccination, and was present at a significantly higher level than in the positive control group (p < 0.05). The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4, which represent Th1-type and Th2-type cytokine responses, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the rSPV-OmpL-vaccinated group than in the other three groups. After intraperitoneal challenge with a lethal dose of Salmonella typhimurium CVCC542, eight out of ten mice in the rSPV-OmpL-vaccinated group were protected, whereas all the mice in the negative control and challenge control groups died within 3 days. Passive immune protection assays showed that hyperimmune sera against OmpL could provide mice with effective protection against challenge from S. typhimurium. The recombinant swinepox virus rSPV-OmpL might serve as a promising vaccine against Salmonella infection.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.391-402
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• 1990

To examine the effects of vaccination against Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs, 15 normal mixed-breed dogs(5 month to 1 year old) divided into 3 groups with 5 dogs in a group. One of them was selected as control group(group A) and others were selected as experimental groups(group B and C). The group B was vaccinated with sonicated antigens and the group C was vaccinated with 0.2% of formalin treated antigens. The results obtained in the examination were summarized as follows : 1. In the western blot, the lane A revealed specific two bands on the regions of 54kd and 100kd, respectively. 2. After the first vaccination, the antibody titers of group B and C were higher 5 times(1 ： 200) than those of control group(1：40). After the second vaccination, the antibody titers of group B and C have not changed. When challenged with the protozoa(Babesia gibsoni), the antibody titers(1 : 5,000) were elevated in all groups. But these were not exceeded over 1 ： 5,000 for 4 weeks. 3. After challenge, the peak time of increased numbers of the protozoa was the 15th day (12-18 days) in all groups. During these days, the rate of parasitized erythrocytes in control group was 55.0${\pm}$5.4%. But those of group B and group C were 26.0${\pm}$6.4%, and 15.6${\pm}$7.8％, respectively. 4. After challenge, all of the values of PCV, Hb, RBC were shown to decrease in all of the control and experimental groups. 5. The total leukocytes counts are shown a tendency of reduction in all groups after challenge. 6. In all groups, there were increase in lymphocytes and monocytes after challenge.