• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.22
• /
• pp.85-96
• /
• 2019

The restoration of ceramics excavated in fragments is limited by the difficulty of inferring the overall shape of the original object. However, recent innovations in digital technology can help to overcome the limits of conventional restoration using handwork. This study explored the potential of digital technology by digitally restoring a shard from a white porcelain water dropper excavated at a kiln site at Sindae-ri. In order to complete the digital restoration, 3D scanning was applied to obtain scan data, and 3D modeling and texture mapping were performed. In this way, three-dimensional data with patterns and color information was acquired and the original form of the water dropper could be ascertained based on the shard. The study found that the data acquired from digital restoration can be used for various purposes, including for obtaining data on cross-sections or missing portions of a relic.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.49-59
• /
• 2011

The damaged ceramics were repaired and restored thru various methods with various materials. The history of Ceramic repair and restoration has developed widening its areas from traditional stage utilizing applicable living material to the specified field that introduces new materials, new process methods and material analysis. Through investigations over the documents, artifacts and analysis, the period could be divided into natural material period in which uses the bonds extracted from the animals, plants and lime (prehistoric to Japanese domination period), Semi-artificial period in which mix natural material and synthetic resins such as "Jusabi"(Japanese domination period to 1970s.) and complete synthetic resin period in which introduces new materials and process methods in accordance with preservation standard (after 1980s).

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2015

In the case of adhesives & restoration agents currently being used for the preservation treatment of ceramics and earthenware, epoxy type, cellulose type and cellulose type are mainly being used. However, they are showing various problems such as re-detachment from severe contraction, color change from yellowing, work inconvenience of staining on tools and hand during usage and irreversibility. For the purpose of solving the issues of yellowing and irreversibility of epoxy resin being used to restore ceramics, urethane synthetic resin with low yellowing excellent reversibility has been developed in this study. The adhesive strength of urethane resin that has been developed has excellent properties with 2.07MPa for undiluted solution, which is 1.5 times higher than that of existing material EPO-$TEK301^{(R)}$ 1.21MPa. The result of workability measurement showed that the wear rate of urethane resin (in Talc 50wt%) was 1.09%, which was somewhat higher than that of existing material Quick $Wood^{(R)}$ (1.02%). In addition, its wear rate is two times higher than that of $EPO-TEK301^{(R)}$ (0.41%) and $L30^{(R)}$ (0.39%), thereby showing an advantage in its forming process compared to existing materials. As for the advantage of urethane resin of reversibility experiment, 12 hours after acetone, ethyl alcohol deposition, urethane resin and filler talc were dissolved 100% while showing powdering phenomenon. Compared to 0% reversibility of existing epoxy resin, it has much superior reversibility. The result of UV rays experiment to evaluate its durability showed that ${\Delta}E^*ab$ color change value based on undiluted solution of urethane resin was 2.76 before & after UV rays exposure, which was a decrease by about 7-20 times compared to that of existing resin, thereby minimizing the issue of heterogeneity.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.307-320
• /
• 2020

This study focuses on the raw material characteristics, including firing temperature and the similarity of clay body, and making techniques on the underwater ceramics from offshore of Taean Mado, the Republic of Korea. The ceramic specimens include various types of celadons, Buncheongwares and white porcelains with very similar physical characteristics. All the clay bodies composed of same mineral phases within mullite and quartz, while cristobalite were also found in some white porcelains. Also, the geochemical composition of the clay body shows regular behavior properties for all the elements consisting of the celadons and Buncheongwares. In contrast, the irregular properties of trace and incompatible elements were found in white porcelains. Therefore, it is presumed that the white porcelains were made using the clay body with different source from the celadons and Buncheongwares. Notably, some white porcelains in low Th content are assumed to be made with clay formed in a different environments. Meanwhile, most of the ceramics had gone through the firing of 1,200 to 1,300℃, with some celadons fired from 1,150℃ to 1,200℃. Also, it can be interpreted as some white porcelains were fired on even up to 1,500℃.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.112-122
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to find out the correlation through comparative analysis of used materials and manufacturing techniques such as firing characteristics for sherds excavated from celadon kiln site in Punggil-ri, Jangheung. The color difference of the sherds was very wide, and even in the microstructure of the cross section of the glaze layer and the body layer, the celadons, whitewares, blackware, and stonewares could not be characterized because they did not show distinct differences from each other. As a result of estimating the firing temperature through the analysis of constituent minerals and thermal analysis, most of them were estimated to have been fired at 1000℃, but some were fired at high temperatures above 1200℃. It was difficult to clearly distinguish between celadon and whiteware even in the major compositional content of bodies. In the statistical analysis, glaze could be classified three group according to the type of sherds, but the bodies of celadons, whitewares, and blackware classified into one similar group. It is considered that it is not more likely differences in raw materials but some ingredients were removed or added during the purification process. Conclusionally, in this kiln site was found through scientific analysis that there were technical attempts to produce various ceramics, and that the manufacturing techniques and materials of ceramics were in an early stage that was not stabilized.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.24
• /
• pp.99-116
• /
• 2020

This study examines the results of analyses of the lead isotope ratio and chemical composition of lead glass and green glaze from ancient Northeast Asia in order to suggest their production sites and reveal further characteristics. The comparison of the lead isotope ratio of lead glass and green glaze from two Baekje remains in Iksan-the Wanggung-ri Site and Mireuksa Temple Site-suggests that they were produced to the west of the South Gyeonggi Massif (Zone 4) using lead extracted from the same area. With a few exceptions, it has proved difficult to identify the production sites of most of the green-glazed roof tiles from Unified Silla-period Buddhist temples across Northeast Asia. The major component of the lead glass from Baekje, Silla, China, and Japan during the seventh century is PbO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CuO, and Fe₂O₃, with a ratio of PbO and SiO₂ of 70 and 30 wt.%, respectively. The green-glazed roof tiles excavated from a temple from the Unified Silla period have a high proportion of lead, ranging from 64 to 90 wt.%. Green-glazed lozenge tiles excavated from the Sacheonwangsa Temple site in Gyeongju were shown to contain PbO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and CuO, a similar composition with lead glass. An experiment was conducted to reproduce a glaze according to the production method mentioned in the Zō hotokesho sakumotsu-chō (Buddhist statue workshop crop book) in the Shosoin Repository. In this experiment, an identical ratio of PbO was observed for Japanese green-glazed ceramics from the eighth to eleventh century as that found in Chinese lead-glazed ceramics excavated from kilns operated from the seventh to tenth century in Henan. This indicates that production methods for lead glass and glaze were shared across Northeast Asia.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.131-147
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Punchong and Whiteware pottery excavated from the kiln site in Dongkok-Town, Gimge. Scientific analysis is carried out to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the body and glaze. The physical properties indicate the gradual development of the production technology with respect to the kiln operating conditions and period. In chemical properties, the ceramic body is found to be made of raw materials from the same source, but the mixing method depends on the type of Punchong and Whiteware pottery, the production kiln, and period. Whiteware pottery is manufactured with less over 1.3% of the colorant content and more about 1.2% of the $K_2O$ flux content than Punchong pottery. This compositions allow easier vitrification at the same temperature. These characteristics which is low colorant content and high flux content become more prominent as lately. The ceramic glaze is likely to have changed the type of raw materials used after 16~17C, as the contents of MgO, $TiO_2$, MnO, $P_2O_5$ are less three to ten times than 15C.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.13-30
• /
• 2011

This study compared Pottery, Hwaecheongware, Buncheongware and Whiteware pieces excavated in Hakbong-ri of Chungnam analytically by observing their refined structures and estimating their firing temperature. As a result, base soil components of the specimens were mostly similar to those of typical Buncheongware, but the content of the fluxing agent was rather high, and it seemed that the Whiteware had been made with fairly different components from those of other sherds. Although the glaze showed less difference than base soil in general, the content of the glaze changed according to the decorating methods of Buncheongware. Based on the SEM-EDS analysis, it was found that the base soil components of the ceramics seemingly rather different were actually different and the analysis on the fine crystals of the base soil, the anorthite in the glaze and crystals in the ironing part, and the components and contents of white earth showed there were some noticeable points in the process of making each of the sherds. In the refiring experiment to estimate the firing temperature, mostly similar results were gained as $1150^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$ for pottery, $1100^{\circ}C$ to $1150^{\circ}C$ for Hwaecheongware, and $1100^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$ for iron-brown Buncheongware however, the results imply good quality Whiteware was burnt at above $1300^{\circ}C$ while bad quality Whiteware was burnt at a temperature far lower than that. Thus, there was clear difference between Whiteware sherds and other kinds of sherds.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.14 no.10
• /
• pp.811-816
• /
• 2002

Waste heat exhausted from seven types of the domestic industry was surveyed, which include food, fibre, paper & wood, chemical, ceramics, metalworking and others. The databases of waste heat for each industry were made by using ACCESS software of Microsoft, and data were analyzed to get correlation between waste heat and purchase energy. The volume of usable waste heat is estimated to be 9,169,000 TOE in the year of 2000, when the minimum available temperature is set as $100^{\circ}C$ for waste gas, $30^{\circ}C$ for hot water and $100^{\circ}C$ for steam considering the condition of waste heat exhausting facilities and surroundings. This volume of waste heat is approximately 11.9 percent of the purchase energy of the domestic industry.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.467-483
• /
• 2017

In this study, the degradation properties by temperature stress of $Araldite^{(R)}$ rapid-curing epoxy resin used for inorganic cultural heritages, was identified. The tensile and tensile shear strength of durability decreased for 12,624 hours at temperatures of $40{\sim}60^{\circ}C$. In terms of stability of external stress and temperature, the slow-curing epoxy was superior to the rapid-curing epoxy, and cultural heritage conservation plans should therefore consider the strength and stress properties of restoration materials. Color differences increased for 12,624 hours at temperatures of $40{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, and glossiness decreased. Both color and gloss stability were weak, which necessitates the improvement of optical properties. Thermal properties (weight loss, decomposition temperature, and glass transition temperature) of adhesives are linked to mechanical properties. Interfacial properties of the adherend and water vapor transmission rates of adhesives are linked to performance variation. For porous media (ceramics, brick, and stone), isothermal and isohumid environments are important. For outdoor artifacts on display in museums, changes in physical properties by exposure to varying environmental conditions need to be minimized. These results can be used as baseline data in the study of the degradation velocity and lifetime prediction of rapid-curing epoxy resin for the restoration of cultural heritages.