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상악 중절치간 중심선과 해부학적 부위와의 관계에 대한 조사연구 (A Study on the Various Anatomical Landmarks Associated with Determining the Dental Midline)

  • 김웅철
    • 대한치과기공학회지
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.95-102
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    • 1990
  • The distances from the center line between maxillary right and left central incisors(the dental midline) to the various anatomical landmarks were measured. Fifty five students(thirth four males and twenty one females) who have at least natural teeth including maxillary and mandibular incisors and bicuspids were examined. 1. There was statistically significant difference between the dental midline and the center line of maxillary labial frenum(p<0.05). 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the dental midline and the point of incisive papilla, philtrum line, the center line between two mandibular central incisors, and the median palatine suture line(p>0.05). 3. There was no statistically significant sexual difference among data. 4. The philtrum line showed the highest value of correspondence to the center line between two maxillary central incisors followed by the center point of incisive papilla, the center line of two mandibular central incisors, median plaltine suture line and the center line of maxillary labial frenum at the decreasing rate.

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수도권지역에서 오염원별 대기오염농도 기여도 평가 (Estimation of Source Contribution by Air Pollutant Type (Point, Area, Line) over Seoul Metropolitan Area)

  • 박일수;이석조;김종춘;김상균;이동원;유철;이재범;송형도;이정영;김지현
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제21권5호
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    • pp.495-505
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    • 2005
  • This study is to estimate source contribution by air pollutantion types (point, area, line) over Seoul metropolitan area. The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) and the highly resolved anthropogenic and biogenic gridded emissions ($1km{\times}1km$) were applied to simulate $SO_2,\;NO_2,\;O_3\;and\;PM_{10}$ concentrations by seasons and contribution was estimated by their source types (point, area, line). The results showed that the simulated concentrations of secondary pollutant agreed well with observed values with an index of agreement (IOA) over 0.4, whereas IOAs over 0.3 were observed for most primary pollutants. The contributions of each source types by seasons were similar. The point source contribution was the highest for $SO_2$ at medium level ranged from $55.1\%\;to\;61.5\%$. But the contribution from area source during for the spring and summer increased as the concentration level increased. The line source contribution was the highest for $NO_2$ at all levels ranged from $68.3\%\;to\;93.1\%$. The results indicate that $SO_2$ emissions should be mainly controlled from point source, as well as area source at higher level concentration. Also, $NO_2\;and\;PM_{10}$ to from line source should be controlled.

Cobey 검사법과 Modified Cobey 검사법에 대한 방사선학적 연구 (Radiographic Study of Cobey Method and Modified Cobey Method)

  • 고유림;주영철;이승근
    • 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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    • 제42권3호
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    • pp.167-173
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    • 2019
  • The Cobey method and the modified Cobey method are most commonly used in clinical practice. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the radiological differences between Cobey and modified Cobey and provide radiographic information about changes of hindfoot image with X-ray entrance center and tube angle change in modified Cobey. This study was performed on foot and ankle phantom. First, for image comparison of Cobey and modified Cobey, the images obtained by applying the same X-ray entrance center to the ankle joint were compared and analyzed. Second, in the modified Cobey, the X-ray entrance center is set as ankle joint and lateral malleolus. The X-ray tube angle was varied from $10^{\circ}$ to $40^{\circ}$ at $5^{\circ}$ intervals for each X-ray entrance center. The images obtained by varying the X-ray tube angle from $10^{\circ}$ to $40^{\circ}$ at intervals of $5^{\circ}$ for each X-ray entrance center were compared and analyzed. The irradiation conditions were the same with 110 kVp, 200 mA, 10 ms, and 110 cm of source - image receptor distance (SID). Image evaluation was performed by two radiologists. Measurements were made on the lateral point, middle point, and calcaneus width based on a hypothetical line parallel to the calcaneal tuberosity. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics as the mean of the distance to each measurement location. The modified Cobey was longer than the Cobey by an average of 3 to 4 mm lateral and medial points, and the calcaneus width was similar (ICC = 0.939). In modified Cobey method, when the X-ray entrance center is ankle joint, the lateral point is about 3 mm and the medial point is about 4.3 mm longer than lateral malleolus. Also, when the X-ray tube angle is more than $20^{\circ}$, the degree of distortion is large. The ICCs for the lateral, medial point, and calcaneus width were 0.998, 0.961, and 0.997, respectively, as the X-ray entrance center and tube angle were changed. There was no significant difference between Modified Cobey and Cobey. Modified Cobey showed no need to compensate the $20^{\circ}$ detector angle of the Cobey. In addition, we suggest that tube angle should be limited within $20^{\circ}$ when modified Cobey is performed.

The Design of SiGe HBT LNA for IMT-2000 Mobile Application

  • Lee, Jei-Young;Lee, Geun-Ho;Niu, Guofu;Cressler, John D.;Kim, J.H.;Lee, J.C.;Lee, B.;Kim, N.Y.
    • Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.22-27
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    • 2002
  • This paper describes a SiGe HBT low noise amplifier (LNA) design for IMT-2000 mobile applications. This LNA is optimized for linearity in consideration of the out-of-band-termination capacitance. This LNA yields a noise figure of 1.2 dB, 16 dB gain, an input return loss of 11 dB, and an output return loss of 14.3 dB over the desired frequency range (2.11-2.17 GHz). When the RF input power is -2i dBm, the input third order intercept point (IIP3) of 8.415 dBm and the output third order intercept point (OIP3) of 24.415 dBm are achieved.

김해시 물 순환 개선 도시계획에 의한 비점오염물질 저감효과 분석 (Analysis of Non-Point Source Pollution Reduction using Water Sensitive Urban Design in Gimhae, South Korea)

  • 정강영;김신;권헌각;양득석;김교식;장광진;신동석;안정민
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제25권11호
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    • pp.1499-1509
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    • 2016
  • This study was performed to analyze the effects of a water circulation green area plan on non-point source pollution in Gimhae South Korea. A quantitative analysis of Arc-GIS data was conducted by applying a watershed model based on Fortran to investigate the changes to direct runoff and pollution load. Results showed that prior to the implementation of the water circulation green area plan in Gimhae, direct runoff was $444.05m^3/year$, total biological oxygen demand (BOD) pollution load was 21,696 kg/year, and total phosphorus (TP) pollution load was 1,743 kg/year. Implementation of the development plan was found to reduce direct runoff by 2.27%, BOD pollution load by 1.16% and TP pollution load by 0.19% annually. The reduction in direct runoff and non-point source pollution were attributed to improvements in the design of impermeable layers within the city.

풍력발전기 드라이브트레인 공진 해석 (Analysis of Resonance for Drive-train in Wind Turbine)

  • 임상혁;박선호;방조혁;정진화;류지윤
    • 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.20-27
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    • 2017
  • This study investigated the problems in current practice of drive-train resonance analysis procedure and suggested solutions. The first problem is the resonance occurrence at the un-identified resonance point by the current practice, as for a solution the force spectrum analysis for each critical force transmitting component was suggested. The second one is the inaccurate estimation of potential resonance point in eigenfrequency analysis because of the non-consideration about the eigenfrequency dependency on rotor-speed, the fine linearization at each rotor speed point all over operational range was proposed to account for the affection. Lastly the insufficient time for resonance activation under run-up simulation condition was recognized as a problem in resonance load increasing analysis, as an alternative, steady state condition was suggested to estimate the maximum load increasing level.

Blending effect of pyrolyzed fuel oil and coal tar in pitch production for artificial graphite

  • Bai, Byong Chol;Kim, Jong Gu;Kim, Ji Hong;Lee, Chul Wee;Lee, Young-Seak;Im, Ji Sun
    • Carbon letters
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    • 제25권
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    • pp.78-83
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    • 2018
  • Pyrolyzed fuel oil (PFO) and coal tar was blended in the feedstock to produce pitch via thermal reaction. The blended feedstock and produced pitch were characterized to investigate the effect of the blending ratio. In the feedstock analysis, coal tar exhibited a distinct distribution in its boiling point related to the number of aromatic rings and showed higher Conradson carbon residue and aromaticity values of 26.6% and 0.67%, respectively, compared with PFO. The pitch yield changed with the blending ratio, while the softening point of the produced pitch was determined by the PFO ratio in the blends. On the other hand, the carbon yield increased with increasing coal tar ratio in the blends. This phenomenon indicated that the formation of aliphatic bridges in PFO may occur during the thermal reaction, resulting in an increased softening point. In addition, it was confirmed that the molecular weight distribution of the produced pitch was associated with the predominant feedstock in the blend.

플라스틱 광섬유 표면 입사 현상을 이용한 아크플래시 검출 광센서 (Arc-Flash Detection Sensor Based on Surface Coupling of Plastic Optical Fiber)

  • 정훈일;김명진;김영호;김영웅;노병섭
    • 센서학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.208-212
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    • 2016
  • In this work, a loop sensor for Arc-Flash detections has been developed in order to trip a circuit breaker within 2.5 ms after an Arc-Flash event. For an efficient capturing of the flash light, plastic optical fibers, where light attenuations are larger than those in silica-based ones, with different diameters and surface conditions were utilized. The performance was comparatively analyzed with those of a point sensor and a commercialized product. The point sensor module was designed for hemisphere-like capturings of Arc-Flashes larger than 3 kA at 2 meters from the sensor. On the other hand, the loop sensor allowed 360-degree-detections around the fiber axis and the measurement range was dependent on the length of the fiber connected to the sensor module. The trip-level-dependent brightness measurement results showed that the fabricated point sensor and loop sensor satisfied a brightness condition, 10~40 klux, and the responses of the system to Arc-Flashes were completed within 2.5 ms.

자궁경부암 강내조사 3차원 치료계획 시 Packing의 유용성 분석 (Packing effects on the intracavitary radiation Therapy 3-Dimension plan of the uterine cervix cancer)

  • 시창근;조정근;이두현;김선영;김태윤
    • 대한방사선치료학회지
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2005
  • 목적 : CT영상을 이용한 삼차원치료계획을 수립하여 방광과 직장의 점선량(point dose)과 체적선량(volume dose)에 대해 선량-체적 히스토그램(Dose-Volume Histogram)을 이용하여 자궁경부암의 강내치료에 사용하는 packing의 효과를 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 자궁경부암 환자 7명을 대상으로 하여 동일조건하에서 packing을 시행했을 때와 제거했을 때 각각 CT촬영(Ultra Z, marconi, USA)을 하여 치료계획장치(Plato Brachy the Rapy V14.2.4)에서 방광과 직장의 reference point를 각각 표시하고 ICRU38에 따라 A point에 치료계획을 시행하였다. 하지만 rectum의 경우 ICRU에서 제시한 point가 rectum 선량을 대표할 수 있는 값으로 적절하지 않기 때문에 maximum point를 찾아 비교하였다. 그리고 rectum과 bladder의 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$선량의 volume에 따른 체적선량을 알아보았다. 측정한 값들을 윌콕슨 부호검정(SAS 통계분석처리 프로그램)을 통하여 packing의 효과를 분석하였다. 결과 : Packing 제거 시에서의 방광과 직장의 reference point 선량은 $116.94{\pm}35.42\%,\;117.59{\pm}21.08\%$이었고, packing 시행한 경우에는 각각 $107.08{\pm}38.12\%,\;95.19{\pm}21.32\%$이었다. Packing시행 후에 방광은 $9.86\%$, 직장은 $22.4\%$감소하였다. Packing제거시의 방광과 직장 maximum point 선량은 $164.51{\pm}50.89\%,\;128.81{\pm}33.05\%$, packing시행한 경우 각각 $142.31{\pm}44.79,\;110.08{\pm}37.03\%$이었다. packing시행 후에 방광과직장 maximum point 선량이 $22.2\%,\;18.73\%$줄어들었다. packing제거시 방광과 직장선량의 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$선량의 Volume은 방광이 $48.62{\pm}18.09\%,\;16.12{\pm}11.15\%,\;7.51{\pm}6.63\%$, 직장이 $23.41{\pm}14.44\%,\;6.27{\pm}4.28\%,\;2.79{\pm}2.27\%$이었고, packing시행한 경우의 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$선량의 volume은 방광이 $40.33{\pm}16.72\%,\;11.63{\pm}8.72\%,\;4.87{\pm}4.75\%$, 직장이 $18.96{\pm}8.37\%,\;4.75{\pm}2.58\%,\;1.58{\pm}1.06\%$이었다. packing시행 후에 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$선량의 volume 방광은 $8.29\%,\;4.49\%,\;2.64\%$, 직장은 $4.45\%,\;1.52\%,\;1.21\%$ 감소하였다. 결론 : 자궁경부암의 강내치료 시 사용하는 packing의 효과를 CT를 이용한 삼차원치료계획을 통하여 알아본 결과 ICRU 38에서 권고하는 방광과 직장의 기준 점선량(reference point dose)의 경우 P값이 각각 0.0781, 0.0781이었고, 최대점선량(maximum point dose)은 P값이 각각 0.0156, 0.0156으로써 유의한 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났으나 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$를 초과하는 체적선량(volume dose)의 경우 p갈이 0.15이상으로써 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 다시 말해서 packing의 효과가 점선량의 경우 차이가 있는 것으로 보이지만 실제 체적선량은 별 차이가 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 그 이유를 살펴보니 방광과 직장의 용적(volume)은 넓은데 비해 packing을 하는 부분은 일부분에 지나지 않아서 큰 선량감소의 효과가 없었던 것으로 보인다. 하지만 방사선의 강도는 거리 역 제곱에 비례하므로 거리가 멀면 멀수록 방사선의 강도는 약해진다. 따라서 packing을 실시하여 방광과 직장의 장해를 최소화하는데 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다.

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중형승용차 운전 중 발거동 분석 (Analysis About How Human Foot Move During Driving Condition)

  • 박보현;정희석;이승환
    • 대한산업공학회지
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    • 제38권1호
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    • pp.41-45
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    • 2012
  • Until now, most studies of foot moving or driving posture have been performed under laboratory driving conditions. But there are many different things between actual driving conditions and laboratory driving conditions because, in laboratory conditions, it is hard to consider vehicle's noise, vibration and people's psychology state while driving. Thus this study is performed through actual driving conditions. And while driving test, we recorded driver's foots with 2 cameras to investigate foots(left and right) heel point and how human foots move to control the three pedals : accel, brake and footrest.. Through driving test, the results of this study show that the position of driver's heel point isn't related to stature and tends to be generalized.