• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.543-551
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• 2002

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small molecule (mol. wt. 30 Da) and oxidative free radical. It is uncharged and can therefore diffuse freely within and between cells across membrane. Such characteristics make it a biologically important messenger in physiologic processes such as neurotransmission and the control of vascular tone. NO is also highly toxic and is known to acts as a mediator of cytotoxicity during host defense. NO is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) through L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway which is a dioxygenation process. NO synthesis involves several participants, three co-substrates, five electrons, five co-factors and two prosthetic groups. Under normal condition, low levels of NO are synthesized by type I and III NOS for a short period of time and mediates many physiologic processes. Under condition of oxidant stress, high levels of NO are synthesized by type II NOS and inhibits a variety of metabolic processes and can also cause direct damage to DNA. Such interaction result in cytostasis, energy depletion and ultimately cell death. NO has the potential to interact with a variety of intercellular targets producing diverse array of metabolic effects. It is known that NO is involved in hemodynamic regulation, neurogenic inflammation, re-innervation, management of dentin hypersensitivity on teeth. Under basal condition of pulpal blood flow, NO provides constant vasodilator tone acting against sympathetic vasoconstriction. Substance P, a well known vasodilator, was reported to be mediated partly by NO, while calcitonin-gene related peptide has provided no evidence of its relation with NO. This review describes the roles of NO in dental pulp in addition to the known general roles of it.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.370-375
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• 2013

구강구취균 4종을 국내산 프로폴리스를 이용하여 프로폴리스의 농도, 열처리, pH의 변화를 통한 항균효과를 조사하였다. P. gingivalis KCTC 5352가 다소 프로폴리스에 저항적인 모습을 보였으나 그 외의 구강구취균에는 강한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 액체배지를 이용하여 프로폴리스의 농도를 조절하여 구강구치균의 민감도를 조사한 결과, 프로폴리스의 농도가 진할 수록 더 빠른 시간에 큰 활성을 보였으며 일반적으로 $0.22mg/{\mu}L$ 농도의 프로폴리스를 첨가하였을 경우 4-6시간 안에 대부분의 균이 사멸하였다. TEM을 통해 프로폴리스가 균의 세포에 어떤 영향을 미치는가 살펴보았으며 프로폴리스를 첨가한 균의 세포막이 얇아지면서 붕괴되고 안의 내부물질이 유출되면서 세포가 분해됨을 확인하였다. $0.56mg/{\mu}L$ 농도의 프로폴리스를 사용하여 열처리 후와 pH 조절 후의 프로폴리스의 항균활성을 시험한 결과 열에 안정하지 않고, pH가 높아질수록 활성이 약해지는 것으로 나타났다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.438-445
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• 2008

Dodam formula (Dodam) has been used for neurodegenerative disease in Oriental medicine. Dodam is capable of protecting diverse kinds of cells from damage caused by a variety of toxic stimuli. In the present study, we investigated the underlying protective mechanism of Dodam on rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in rat neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells. Treatment with Neuro-2A cells with rotenone caused the loss of cell viability, and condensation and fragmentation of nuclei, which was associated with the elevation of ROS level, and lipid peroxidation, the increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Rotenone induced mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by mitochondrial membrane potential loss and cytochrome-c release. These phenotypes induced by rotenone were reversed by pretreatment with Dodam. Our results suggested that major features of rotenone-induced neurotoxicity are partially mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and that Dodam markedly protects Neuro-2A cells from oxidative injury. These data indicated that Dodam might provide a useful therapeutic strategy in treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases caused by oxidative injuries.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.399-403
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• 2009

$p19^{ras}$ is an alternative splicing variant of the proto-oncogene c-H-ras pre-mRNA of $p21^{ras}$. In contrast to $p21^{ras}$, $p19^{ras}$ does not have a C-terminal CAAX motif that targets the plasma membrane and is localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. We found that $p19^{ras}$ activated the transcriptional activity of $p73{\beta}$ through protein-protein interactions in the nucleus. p73 is known to play an important role in cellular damage responses such as apoptosis. Although p73 is a structural and functional homologue of p53, p73-mediated apoptosis has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that the interaction between $p19^{ras}$ and $p73{\beta}$ accelerated $p73{\beta}$-induced apoptosis through a caspase-3 dependent pathway. Treatment with DEVD-CHO, a caspase inhibitor, also strengthened $p73{\beta}$-mediated apoptosis through a caspase-3 dependent pathway. Furthermore, the enhanced transcriptional activity of endogenous $p73{\beta}$ by treatment with Taxol was amplified by $p19^{ras}$ overexpression, which markedly increased caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in the p53-null SAOS2 cancer cell line. Our findings indicate a functional linkage between $p19^{ras}$ and p73 in caspase-3 mediated apoptosis of cancer cells.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 1983

$28^{\circ}C$에서 자란 $3{\sim}4$엽기 벼잎조직의 인지질지방산분석을 통해 벼품종별 상대적내냉성정도와 인지질지방산조성간에 성립되는 밀접한 상관관계를 확인하였다. 즉 내냉성이 강한 품종일수록 불포화도 및 불포화지방산의 구성비가 노은 인지질을 함유하고 있다. 인지질의 불포화상태를 나타내는 모든 지표들이 각품종의 냉해저항성과 잘 일치된다는 사실은, 곧 식물세포가 저온에서 생체막과 관련된 생리적활성을 유지하는데 있어서 필수조건으로 알려진 '생체막의 유동성'은 인지질지방산조성에 의해 절대적으로 지배받는다는 것을 분명히 나타낸다. 한편 벼의 인지질은 최소한 유묘기의 잎에서는 모든 품종에서 공히 phosphatidyl serine과 phosphatidyl choline을 주성분으로 phosphatidyl inositol을 부성분으로, 그밖에 3종의 미량성분을 포함하고 있으며, 인지질의 종류 및 조성은 내냉성과 무관한 것으로 판단된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2006

정상성인 여성의 머리카락에 미용실에서 일반적으로 시술하는 탈색제를 사용한 다음 탈색직후, 탈색 후 10일, 20일이 경과한 머리카락을 채취하여 머리카락의 손상정도를 고배율의 투과 및 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 탈색직후 머리카락의 표면은 정상 머리카락과 비슷한 상태로 관찰되었으며 비늘이 분리되거나 손상됨 없이 나타났다. 탈색 후 10일 경과된 머리카락은 비늘이 분리되어 있고 일부 큐티클세포의 세포질은 조각이 나 있거나 떨어져 나갔다. 이 시기에 머리카락은 비늘이 떨어져 나가면서 표면에 세포부스러기들이 그대로 부착되어 있고, 비늘의 모양은 끝 쪽이 날카로운 모양을 하고 있었다. 탈색 후 20일이 경과된 머리카락은 표면 전체가 비늘의 분리에 의해서 거칠게 나타났다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2014

세포내에는 비효소적 반응으로 활성산소류를 제거하는 소분자의 항산화 물질과 과산소와 하이드로페록사이드를 분해하는 효소들이 존재한다. 항산화 시스템은 자유라디칼과 활성산소류를 제거함으로써 산화스트레스로부터 세포 구성요소들을 보호하는 역할을 한다. 비효소적 항산화 물질은 지용성과 친수성이 있는데, 지용성 물질들은 세포막에 위치하며 과산화지질이 형성되는 반응을 억제한다. 카로테노이드와 비타민E, $CoQ_{10}$은 세포 내에서 주요 지용성 항산화 물질로써, 이들이 대량으로 축적된 주요 작물의 개발은 영양학적 가치가 높은 식품을 생산할 수 있다. 본 총설에서는 식물에서 카로테노이드와 비타민E, $CoQ_{10}$의 생합성 경로와 대사공학을 이용한 영양강화 연구 현황을 기술하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2021

A wide range of studies have steadily pointed out the relation of oxidative stress to the primary and secondary causes of human disease and aging. As such, there have been multiple misconceptions about oxidative stress. Most of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from chronic diseases cause oxidative damage to cell membrane lipids and proteins. ROS production is increased by abnormal stimulation inside and outside in the body, and even though ROS are generated in cells in response to abnormal metabolic processes such as disease, it does not mean that they directly contribute to the pathogenesis of a disease. Therefore, the focus of treatment should not be on ROS production itself but on the prevention and treatment of diseases linked to ROS production, including types 1 and 2 diabetes, cancer, heart disease, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. In this regard, Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally utilized to help prevent and treat diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, nervous system diseases, cardiovascular disease, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, this review was intended to summarize in vivo animal and human clinical studies on the antioxidant activities of KRG and its components, ginsenosides.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.344-362
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• 2022

Objective: In this study, the antioxidant activity of Ojayeonjong-hwan extracts was compared, and the following results were obtained. Methods: For hydrothermal and ethanol extracts, DPPH free radical and ABTS cationic radical erasing activity and reducing power using the FRAP method were compared, and the association between the antioxidant power of each extract and total phenol content was investigated. Significant results were obtained through in vitro apoptosis analysis through FFITC staining, mitochondrial membrane potential analysis, and ROS level measurement using C2C12 myoblastoma. Results: 1. In a comparison of DPPH free radical and ABTS cationic radical scavenging activity, water, and 70% ethanol extracts of Ojayeonjong-hwan (WEO and EEO) showed superior radical scavenging ability. 2. In the results of reducing power using the FRAP method, WEO and EEO showed antioxidant activity, which was shown to be dependent on the total phenol content contained in the extracts. 3. In comparison to the protective effect against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts, water extracts had no significant effect, but 70% ethanol extracts inhibited H₂O₂-mediated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. 4. The cytotoxic protective effect of EEO against oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts was correlated with its inhibitory effects on H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. 5. In H₂O₂-treated C2C12 myoblasts, the apoptosis inhibitory effects of EEO were associated with the suppression of mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. 6. The protective effects of EEO against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts were directly related to the inhibition of ROS generation. Conclusions: Ojayeonjong-hwan extracts all have protective potential against oxidative stress.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

Backgrounds : Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) is known as the chronic inflammatory diseasethat induces persistent inflammation in the joint cavity. The destruction of cartilage occurs as the result of bones destoyed by pannus, several influential cytokines induced by the synovial capsulitis, varieties of proteinases, $O_2$ radicals, and the secondary degenerative changes of articular cartilage. The type 2 collagen-induced arthritis model is used in recent experimental research on rheumatoid arthritis. Cervus elaphus sibiricus (Nockyong) has the effect of relieving pain by nourishing the muscles, joints, and bones. It is also known to be efficacious in promoting and enhancing the immune system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture to inhibit the generation of proinflammatory enzyme on type 2 collagen-induced arthritis. I investigated the inhibition of mRNA transcription of MIF(macrophage migration inhibitory factor), $TNF-{\alpha}$(Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$) and MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) of Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture using an in vitro test. Also investigated was the inhibition of differentiation of Th 1 cells and activation of cytokines(MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, MMP-9), which are known to cause initial RA ,and are also related to the morphology of the synovial membranes of the joint capsule, by an in vivo test, using CIA(collagen induced arthritis) model mice. Materials & methods : The laboratory animals used in this experiment were 4 week-old DBA female mice, weighing approximately 20 grams, and adjusted to the laboratory environment. The experiment was divided into the normal group(NOR)-no treated group, control group(CON)-CIA induced group, and sample group(SAM)-Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture treated group. RA was induced in the mice via injection of $50{\mu}{\ell}$ C II mixed CFA. The Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture solution was applied on $GB_{35}$(陽陵泉) for 26 days from the 3rd day of RA inducement. The concentration of the solution was determined via a MTT assay. To research the effect on the expression of MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and MMP-9 mRNA, RT-PCR was performed on synovial membrane cells from the knee joint of CIA mice. C II induced RA knee joint's histo-chemical synovial membrane was observed using a specimen model via the Hematoxilin and Eosin dying technique. Results : The expression of mRNA of RA-related cytokines such as MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and MMP-9 dosedependently decreased in the cell from the synovial membranes of the joint, which is treated with Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture solution. In mice treated with Cervus elaphus sibiricusherbal acupuncture, the damage of synovial membranes of the joint was lessened, and differentiation of Th 1 cells was suppressed. The activation of RA-related cytokines such as MIF was suppressed, and the generation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and MMP-9 showed a statistically significant decreas. Conclusions : It is speculated that Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture has the therapeutic effect of palliating the damage of the tissue impaired by RA by inhibition of the initial RA progression and by regulating excessive differentiation of Th 1 cell as it suppresses the generation of RA-related cytokines during the highest stage of RA by acting on pro-inflammatory enzymes.