• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.275-288
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• 1995

The inhibitory effect of cell wall extracts of streptococci, have been investigated to know host-parasite relationship or pathogenesis of abscess formation. Streptococci isolated from the infected root canals were sonicated to get cell wall extracts which have been known as one of the factors of pyogenesis. Lymphocytes separated by density gradient were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and exposed to cell wall extracts of Streptococcus sanguis, S. mitis, S. uberis, S. mutans (ATCC 10449), and S. faecalis (ATCC 19433). [$^3H$]-thymidine uptake of lymphocytes was analyzed with scintillation counter and lactate dehyrogenase (LD) activity was measured with autochemistry analyzer. S. faeealis had the strongest inhibitory effect. beginning at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of sonic extracts. S. sanguis and S. mitis had inhibitory effect at $300\;{\mu}g/ml$, while S. uberis and S. mutans showed no inhibitory, effect on DNA syntheis even at $300\;{\mu}g/ml$. Each streptococci showed different inhibitory effect on the DNA synthesis of lymphocytes, which finding indicated wide spectrum of susceptibility of lymphocytes according to streptococcus spp. There were no significant difference of LD activities between control and each streptococcal extracts. Streptococcal sonic extracts did not affect the morphological findings or number of colonies activated lymphocytes. These finding suggested the inhibitory effect of sonic extract of streptococci to lymphocytes could be detected by DNA synthesis inhibition, not by cellular membrane damage.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.522-526
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• 1999

S. mutans에 대한 키토산의 항균효과는 그 분자량에 따라 뚜렷한 차이를 보였으며, 약 30,000의 분자량을 갖는 키토산이 가장 높은 항균활성을 보였다. 키토산 처리에 의해 세포로부터 단백질, 핵산, 2가 양이온 등이 상당량 유출되는 것이 관찰되었으며, 세포내 물질의 유출정도는 키토산의 항균효과와 밀접한 상관성을 보였다. 이러한 세포내 물질의 유출은 양이온성을 띠는 키토산의 아민기와 세포벽내의 음이온 성분과의 강한 결합에 의해 세포벽의 결합력이 약화되면서 생기는 결과로서 추측되었다. 키토산처리에 의해 S. mutans의 세포벽이 원형질로부터 분리되고 세포내 물질이 세포벽 내에서 밖으로 유출되는 현상은 투과전자현미경(TEM)에 의해 확인되었다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2011

동절기 피해는 겨울철에 나타나는 피해의 형태로 유형에 따라 저온피해, 건조피해, 관부수화, 그리고 동절기 병 발생등이 있다. 저온피해는 대기온도와 토양온도에 의해 그 피해가 발생하는데 토양온도가 관부의 생육에 더 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에 그 피해의 정도가 더 심하게 발생한다. 관부수화는 세포내결빙에 의해 발생하는 피해로 세포막을 파괴하며 결과적으로 세포내 조직을 탈수시키게 된다. 저온건조는 동절기 기간동안 식물체의 잎 혹은 식물전체에 건조로 인한 피해가 나타나 고사에 이르게 되는 피해를 말한다. 동절기 피해를 예방하기 위해 가을철 인산과 칼륨의 시비가 동절기 피해에 대한 내성을 증진시키는 역할을 하게 된다. 또한 피복재의 사용이 동절기 피해를 최소화 하는 기능을 하는데 그 종류는 여러가지가 있으며 겨울철 잔디위에 쌓인 눈도 대기온도로부터 토양온도를 유지하는 피복재 역할을 하게 된다. 동절기 피해를 최소화 하기 위한 방법으로 통기와 배토의 방법이 있다. 통기와 배토는 모두 주로 대취층의 두께를 줄이기 위한 방법으로 사용이 되고 또한 겨울철 배토를 위해 사용되는 검은색 모래는 토양에 잔존해 있는 얼음을 녹이고 토양온도를 유지해주는 역할을 하게 되므로 피복재와 같이 동절기 피해를 최소화 하는 역할을 하게 된다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.51-68
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• 2017

Objectives : Oxidative stress due to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the risk factors for the development of several chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Methods : In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of cheongnoemyeongsin-hwan (CNMSH) against oxidative stress‑induced cellular damage and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in neuronal-derived SH-SY5Y cells. Results : Our results revealed that treatment with CNMSH prior to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure significantly increased the SH-SY5Y cell viability, indicating that the exposure of the SH-SY5Y cells to CNMSH conferred a protective effect against oxidative stress. CNMSH also effectively attenuated H2O2‑induced comet tail formation, and decreased the phosphorylation levels of the histone ${\gamma}H2AX$, as well as the number of apoptotic bodies and Annexin V‑positive cells. In addition, CNMSH exhibited scavenging activity against intracellular ROS generation and restored the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) loss that were induced by H2O2, suggesting that CNMSH prevents H2O2‑induced DNA damage and cell apoptosis. Moreover, H2O2 enhanced the cleavage of caspase-3 and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase, a typical substrate protein of activated caspase-3, as well as DNA fragmentation; however, these events were almost totally reversed by pretreatment with CNMSH. Furthermore, CNMSH increased the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is a potent antioxidant enzyme, associated with the induction of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). According to our data, CNMSH is able to protect SH-SY5Y cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis throughout blocking cellular damage related to oxidative stress through a mechanism that would affect ROS elimination and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Conclusions : Therefore, we believed that CNMSH may potentially serve as an agent for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.63-82
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• 2024

Objective : Saengkankunbi-tang (SKT) is used as a traditional Korean herbal formula for treatment of liver diseases. We investigated the hepatoprotective effects of SKT plus Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKE) against arachidonic acid (AA) + iron-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-mediated acute liver damage in mice. Methods : The cyto-protective effects of SKT + EKE were determined by MTT assay, western blot and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. In mice, blood biochemistry and western blot were assessed in CCl₄-induced acute hepatic damage. The animal groups included vehicle-treated control, CCl₄, SKT (200 mg/kg/day), EKE (100 mg/kg/day), SKT (200 mg/kg/day) + EKE (100 mg/kg/day) and silymarin (200 mg/kg/day). Results : In HepG2 cells, pretreatment with SKT + EKE significantly suppressed cytotoxicity induced by AA + iron and reduced the expression of proteins related to apoptosis. In addition, pretreatment with SKT + EKE significantly prevented the increase in H₂O₂ production, GSH depletion, and lower mitochondrial membrane potential induced by AA + iron. In CCl₄-induced liver damage mice, the administration of SKT + EKE prevented the liver damage by inhibition of hepatocyte damage and expression of apoptosis proteins in liver. More importantly, in vitro and in vivo assay, SKT + EKE showed significant effect compare with SKT alone or EKE alone in all parameters. Conclusions : These results indicated that SKT + EKE could protect against oxidative stress-induced liver damage, and SKT + EKE is more effective than SKT alone or EKE alone.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.219-236
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• 1988

Agar 배지(培地)에 $10^{-7}$, $10^{-6}$, $10^{-5}$ 및 $10^{-4}M$이 되도록 bensulfuron을 가감(加減)하고, 여기에 감수성(感受性)(cv. KH 17854 와 cv. IR 1846) 및 내성(耐性)(Chinsurah Boro II와 IR14252)으로 기(旣)히 선택(選擇)된 두 수도품종군(水稻品種群)을 육묘(育苗)하여 검검자료(檢鏡資料)로 하였다. 일차적(一次的) 차이(差異)는 $10^{-5}M$에서 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)들이 지상부(地上部) 및 지하부(地下部)에서 유의적(有意的)인 신장차이(伸長差異)가 있었던 반면 내성품종(耐性品種)들에서는 거의 영향이 없었으며, 생장량(生長量)에서의 차이(差異)도 없었다. 종단(縱斷)하여 검경(檢鏡)한 결과(結果), 분열조직(分裂組織)의 신장면(伸長面)에서도 위와 유사(類似)한 반응차이(反應差異)가 관찰(觀察)되었다. 토양(土壤)에서 10일간(日間) 육묘(育苗)한 후 용액재배(溶液栽培)를 통하여 약제(藥劑)를 뿌리흡수(吸收)시킨 결과(結果), 생장점(生長點)의 활성억제(活性抑制)와 부피팽창(膨脹) 현상(現象)이 품종군간(品種群間)에 유의적(有意的) 차이(差異)가 있음을 확인(確認)할 수 있었고, 세포단위(細胞單位)의 검경(檢鏡)에서 특히 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)들의 경우에 세포배열(細胞配列)의 불규칙성(不規則性), 액포화(液胞化), 세포비대화(細胞肥大化), 부분적(部分的)인 세포막(細胞膜) 파괴(破壞) 현상(現象) 등을 관찰(觀察)할 수 있으며 내성품종(耐性品種)에선 이보다 덜 하였다. 한편 근단분열조직(根端分裂組織)의 변화양상(變化樣相)에 있어서도 주요한 해부적(解剖的) 반응(反應)은 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)의 근단(根端)이 피층세포(皮層細胞)의 불규칙화(不規則化), 세포막(細胞膜)의 파괴(破壞)와 수축(收縮), 세포분열억제(細胞分裂抑制)와 비대화(肥大化), 측근발생(側根發生) 등으로 나타났으며 내성(耐性) 품종(品種)에선 그 정도(程度)가 매우 경미(輕微)하게 나타났다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1998

최근 가시아메바 각막염의 치료제로 새롭게 주목을 받고 있는 polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)의 가시아메바에 대한 작용 기전을 알기 위해 각막염 유래 가시아메바 4 분리주에 대한 PHMB의 최저 살충 농도 (minimal cysticidal concentration; MCC)를 결정하고, 이 MCC의 PHMB로 처리한 포낭의 형태학적 변화를 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. PHMB의 8시간과 48시간에 대한 MCC를 결정하였는데, 8시간 MCC는 KA/E1 $14.32{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$. KA/E2 $22.45{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$, KA/E3 $21.54{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$, 및 KA/E4 $23.59{\;} {\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$였다. 48시간 MCC는 KA/El $3.97{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$, KA/E2 $7.49{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$, KA/E3 $6.40{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$ 및 KA/E4 $4.92{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$로 나타났다. PHMB를 처리한 포낭에서는 포낭 내 amoeb고가 심하게 수축되고 이로 인해 포낭 내벽과 분리되는 형태학적 변화가 관찰되었다. 세포막 아래의 subplasmalemmal lipid droplet의 모양이 불규칙해졌다 심한 경우 세포질이 응집되고. 미토콘드리아의 cristae도 크게 감소하는 등 세포 내 소기관들도 모양이 심하게 변하였다. 포낭 내외벽은 그 형태가 비교적 잘 유지되었다. 이상의 변화들로 볼 때. PHMB는 세포막에 주로 작용하며, 세포 내 소기관들의 막에도 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다 가시아메바의 세포막의 lipidcomposition은 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않지만 PHMB에 의한 가시아메바 포낭에 대한 살충 효과는 environmental biocide로서 Escherichia col거 세포벽에 있는 acidic prlospholipids에 작용하여 살균 효과를 나타내는 것과 유사한 기전으로 일어날 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2016

Objectives : Liver is one of the largest organs in the human, and has a function of detoxification and energy sensing to prevent severe disease. Paeoniae radix has been used to treat a variety of liver diseases such as hepatitis and chronic hepatic failure. Although P. radix has been used as an medicinal herb for a long time, the effects of P. radix on severe oxidative stress and its action mechanism on the liver was not clearly verified.Methods : This study investigated the protective effects of P. radix extract (PRE), and the underlying mechanism of its action in the liver. tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and carbon tetrachlroride (CCl₄) were used to induce oxidative stress in the HepG2 hepatocyte cell line and Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively.Results : t-BHP significantly induced cell death and ROS production in HepG2 cell, as indicated by MTT and FACS analysis. However, pretreatment of PRE inhibited a decrease in cell viability and H₂O₂ production in the HepG2 cells. PRE also blocked the ability of t-BHP to damage in mitochondrial membrane transition. More importantly, PRE induced Nrf2 activation and antioxidant Phase II enzyme, which may have a role in the effects of PRE. In mice, PRE inhibited the liver damage induced by CCl₄.Conclusions : PRE inhibited oxidative stress and hepatic damages as mediated with Nrf2 activation. This study unveil, in part, the effect and mechanism of old medicinal herb, P. radix.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2024

Objectives We used the D-galactose (D-gal) induced C2C12 myoblast senescence model to investigate whether ethanol extract of Perilla. fructescens leaves (EEPF) could delay cellular senescence and regulate related mechanisms. Methods C2C12 myogenic cells were cultured in an incubator under 37 ℃ and 5% CO₂ conditions. EEPF, dried perilla leaves were pulverized and extracted at 1:10 (v/v) at 50 ℃ for 4 hours. Cell counting kit-8 and western blot analysis was performed. Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit and DAPI staining was applied. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde analysis kits were used. To measure the level of reactive oxygen species generation, staining and flow cytometry was used. To analyze the mitochondrial activity, membrane potential changes were measured using JC-1. 𝛽-gal activity was analyzed using SA-𝛽-gal staining solution, and DNA damage was analyzed by using 𝛾-H2AX. Quantikine ELISA kit was used to analyze inflammatory cytokine production. Results According to the results of this study, EEPF significantly alleviated the decrease in cell viability in C2C12 cells treated with D-gal and suppressed the decrease in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. EEPF also markedly blocked D-gal-induced C2C12 cell apoptosis and restored reduced activity of CAT, GSH-Px, T-AOC, SOD. In addition, EEPF suppressed the decrease in 𝛽-galactosidase activity, the induction of DNA damage and the increase in expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype proteins such as p16, p53 and p21 in D-gal-treated C2C12 cells. Furthermore, EEPF significantly attenuated D-gal-induced production and expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that EEPF can be used as a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of muscle aging.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2012

Miniature pig sperm cryopreservation is continually researched in biotechnology for breed conservation and reproduction. It is important to control the temperature at each stage of cryopreservation and cryoprotectant. It is also necessary to find the optimal cryoprotectant concentration and chemical elements of the extender. Recently, many studies have used various cryoprotectant materials, such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), antifreeze protein (AFP), amides, and glycerol. Glycerol is a commonly used cryoprotectant. However, glycerol has critical cytotoxic properties, including osmotic pressure and it can cause irreversible damage to live cells. Therefore, We focused on membrane fluidity modifications can reduce cell damage from freezing and thawing procedures and evaluated on the positive effects of trehalose to the viability, chromatin integrity, and motility of boar sperm. Miniature pig sperm was separated from semen by washing with modified- Modena B (mMB) extender. After centrifugation, the pellet was diluted with the prepared first extender. This experiment was designed to compare the effects that sperm cryopreservation using two different extenders has on sperm chromatin. The control group used the glycerol only and it was compared with the glycerol and glycerol plus trehalose extender. Sperm viability and motility were evaluated using WST1 assays and computer-assisted semen assays (CASA). Chromatin structure was examined using acridine orange staining. For the motility descriptors, trehalose caused a significant (p<0.01) increase in total motility ($57.80{\pm}4.60%$ in glycerol vs. $75.50{\pm}6.14%$ in glycerol + trehalose) and progressive ($51.20{\pm}5.45%$ in glycerol vs. $70.74{\pm}8.06%$ in glycerol + trehalose). A significant (p<0.05) increase in VAP ($42.70{\pm}5.73{\mu}m/s$ vs. $59.65{\pm}9.47{\mu}m/s$), VSL ($23.06{\pm}3.27{\mu}m/s$ vs. $34.60{\pm}6.58{\mu}m/s$), VCL ($75.36{\pm}11.36{\mu}m/s$ vs. $99.55{\pm}12.91{\mu}m/s$), STR ($54.4{\pm}2.19%$ vs. $58.0{\pm}1.63%$), and LIN ($32.2{\pm}2.05%$ vs. $36.0{\pm}2.45%$) were also detected, respectively. The sperm DNA fragmentation index was 48.8% to glycerol only and 30.6% to glycerol plus trehalose. Trehalose added group showed higher percentages of sperm motility, stability of chromatin structure than glycerol only. In this study, we suggest that trehalose is effective in reducing freezing damage to miniature pig sperm and can reduce chromatin damage during cryopreservation.