• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2010

Purpose: Most surgeons administer prophylactic antibiotics for 3 to 5 days postoperatively. However, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) guideline recommends antibiotic therapy for 24 hours or less in clean/uncontaminated surgery. Thus, we prospectively studied the use of short term prophylactic antibiotic therapy after gastric cancer surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 103 patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery between October 2007 and June 2008 were prospectively enrolled in a short term prophylactic antibiotics program. One gram of cefoxitin was administered 30 minutes before the incision, and one additional gram was administered intraoperatively for cases with an operation time over 3 hours. Postoperatively, one gram was administered 3 times, every 8 hours. Patients were checked routinely for fever. All cases received open surgery, and the surgical wounds were dressed and checked for Surgical Site Infection (SSI) daily. Results: Of the 103 patients, 15 were dropped based on exclusion criteria (severe organ dysfunction, combined resection of the colon, etc). The remaining 88 patients were included in the short-term program of prophylactic antibiotic use. Of these patients, SSIs were detected in 8 (9.1%) and fever after 2 postoperative days was detected in 11 (12.5%). The incidence of SSIs increased with patient age, and postoperative fever correlated with operation time. Conclusions: Short term prophylactic antibiotic usage is feasible in patients who undergo gastric cancer surgery, and where there are no grave comorbidities or combined resection.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.758-771
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• 2020

This study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from 4,264 retail meat samples including beef, pork, and chicken in Korea between 2013 and 2018. A broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for S. aureus. Molecular typing by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), was performed on mecA-positive S. aureus strain. S. aureus was isolated at a rate of 18.2% (777/4,264), of which MRSA comprised 0.7% (29 strains). MLST analysis showed that 11 out of the 29 MRSA isolates were predominantly sequence type (ST) 398 (37.9%). In addition, ST72, ST692, ST188, ST9, and ST630 were identified in the MRSA isolates. The spa typing results were classified into 11 types and showed a high correlation with MLST. The antimicrobial resistance assays revealed that MRSA showed 100% resistance to cefoxitin and penicillin. In addition, resistance to tetracycline (62.1%), clindamycin (55.2%), and erythromycin (55.2%) was relatively high; 27 of the 29 MRSA isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. PFGE analysis of the 18 strains excluding the 11 ST398 strains exhibited a maximum of 100% homology and a minimum of 64.0% homology. Among these, three pairs of isolates showed 100% homology in PFGE; these results were consistent with the MLST and spa typing results. Identification of MRSA at the final consumption stage has potential risks, suggesting that continuous monitoring of retail meat products is required.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, presence of ${\beta}$-lactamase genes and integrons in 83 ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Nakdong river and Geumho river in Daegu. Among the ${\beta}$-lactam antimicrobials, all isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, cefamandole and cefotaxime, followed by piperacillin (98.8%), ampicillin/sulbactam (86.7%), aztreonam (60.2%) and cefepime (59.0%), whereas resistance to piperacillin/tazobacram, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid and cefoxitin was less than 30%. Many of the ESBL-producing Escherichia coli were also resistant to non-${\beta}$-lactams antimicrobials such as nalidixic acid (83.1%), sulfonamides (72.3%), ciprofloxacin (62.7%) and gentamicin (38.6%). All isolates showed resistance to seven or more antimicrobial agents. The most frequently detected gene was $bla_{TEM+CTX-M}$ (49.4%), followed by $bla_{CTX-M}$ (27.7%), $bla_{TEM}$ (6.0%) and $bla_{OXA}$ (1.2%). But $bla_{SHV}$ was not found. Class 1 integrons were found in 61.4% (51 isolates) of isolates, however, class 2 and 3 integrons were not detected. The results showed water from Nakdong river and Geumho river is contaminated with ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. These results suggest the need for further investigation of antibiotic resistant bacteria to prevent public health impacts in the water environment.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.217-226
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• 2011

Salmonella spp. is of increasing public health concern as causative pathogens of food poisoning. The aim of this study was to investigate the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella spp. isolated from duck farms in Daegu-Gyeongbuk province. Also, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates were further examined for plasmid analysis, phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 34 Salmonella spp. (16.4%) were isolated from duck farms and ten serotypes were identified. The predominant serotypes were S. Typhimurium (23.5%) S. Fyris (17.6%) and S. Haardt (11.8%), S. Agona and S. Enteritidis (respectively 8.8%). Of 34 Salmonella isolates, 15 (44.1%) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and multiple resistance (resistance to more than 4 drugs) was observed in 9 strains (26.5%). The high resistance was found to streptomycin (32.4%), tetracycline (29.4%), ampicillin, kanamycin and nalidixic acid (respectively, 26.5%), all Salmonella isolates were susceptible to cefoxitin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. All S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates were found to contain only one plasmid (ca. 54 or 55kb, respectively). Among the S. Enteritidis isolates, two phage types were found, PT32a and PT1c, respectively, one isolates did not react with any of the phages used. Whereas, all S. Typhimurium isolates were RDNC (reacts but does not conform). PFGE showed to be a useful typing method better than plasmid analysis and phage typing for discrimination of isolates especially, S. Typhimurium isolates. Our results indicated that the serotypes of Salmonella isolates are widely distributed in duck farms, further epidemiological studies should be carried out.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.377-387
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• 2021

Fecal contamination levels of discharge water from inland pollution sources were investigated in Iwon-myeon (Taean-gun), South Korea. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated during the investigation and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were examined to estimate their impact on the coastal environment. The ranges of total coliform and fecal coliform of 12 samples from four major inland pollution sources were 79-490,000 MPN/100 mL and 2.0-490,000 MPN/100 mL, respectively, with the highest level of fecal contamination at Station No. 3. A total of 137 strains (14 genus) were isolated, of which 86 strains (62.8%) were Enterobacteriaceae. The identified isolates were as follows: Pseudomonas spp. (35 strains), Klebsiella spp. (20 strains), Serratia spp. (20 strains), and Escherichia spp. (19 strains). The isolated Gram-negative bacteria showed the highest antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin (81.8%), followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (64.2%), ceftiofur (61.3%), and cefoxitin (59.1%). Antimicrobials in which less than 10% of isolates showed antimicrobial resistance were ciprofloxacin (3.6%) and gentamicin (2.2%). Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was observed in 121 strains (88.3%) and 84 strains (61.3%) showed a tendency for multiple antimicrobial resistance.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2019

We developed the multiplex LAMP assay using 16S rRNA, femA and mecA genes for direct detection of the methicillin resistance in Staphylococci from positive blood culture. To simultaneously recognize Staphylococci genus, S. aureus and methicillin resistance, three sets of six primers for 16S rRNA, femA and mecA were designed, respectively. The performance of LAMP assay was affirmed using VITEK system for the phenotypic methods of identification and for oxacillin and cefoxitin antimicrobial susceptibility. The optimal condition for LAMP assay was obtained under $64^{\circ}C$ for 50 min. The detection limit was determined to be of 20 copies and CFU/reaction ($10^4CFU/mL$). For clinical application of comparison with phenotypic methods, the sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP with femA gene for detecting S. aureus was 95.31% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP with mecA gene for detecting methicillin resistance was 98.46% and 100%, respectively. The multiplex LAMP assay with femA and mecA gene successfully detected all of MRSA (38 isolates) isolates from 103 Staphylococci in blood cultures. The LAMP assay developed in this study is sensitive, specific, and of excellent agreement with the phenotypic methods.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1537-1546
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• 2022

Staphylococcus aureus is a cause of high mortality in humans and therefore it is necessary to prevent its transmission and reduce infections. Our goals in this research were to investigate the frequency of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and assess the relationship between the phenotypic antimicrobial sensitivity patterns and the genes responsible for resistance. In addition, we examined the antimicrobial efficiency and application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against MRSA isolates. Seventy-two nasal swabs were taken from patients; MRSA was cultivated on Mannitol Salt Agar supplemented with methicillin, and 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted in addition to morphological and biochemical identification. Specific resistance genes such as ermAC, aacA-aphD, tetKM, vatABC and mecA were PCR-amplified and resistance plasmids were also investigated. The MRSA incidence was ~49 % among the 72 S. aureus isolates and all MRSA strains were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin, and cefoxitin. However, vancomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, mupirocin, and rifampicin were effective against 100% of MRSA strains. About 61% of MRSA strains exhibited multidrug resistance and were resistant to 3-12 antimicrobial medications (MDR). Methicillin resistance gene mecA was presented in all MDR-MRSA strains. Most MDR-MRSA contained a plasmid of > 10 kb. To overcome bacterial resistance, AgNPs were applied and displayed high antimicrobial activity and synergistic effect with penicillin. Our findings may help establish programs to control bacterial spread in communities as AgNPs appeared to exert a synergistic effect with penicillin to control bacterial resistance.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.381-394
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• 2023

This study was conducted to monitor the antibiotics resistance of human-harmful bacteria isolated in the agricultural environment for hot peppers (Capsicum annuum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). As a result, we isolated 120 bacterial species (34 on fruits, 48 in soil, 21 in water, and 17 in manure), identified them with the 16S rRNA sequence, analyzed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 26 antibiotics using Sensititre ARIS Hi-Q system and then evaluated whether each bacterial genus acquired resistance for the tested antibiotics or not, according to the CLSI criteria. From difference in MIC between eco-friendly (EFM) and practical (PFM) cultivation farms, Klebsiella spp. isolated from EFM was resistant to ampicillin (AMP) and nalidixic acid (NAL), and that isolated from PFM was resistant to streptomycin (STR) and tetracycline (TET). Enterobacter spp. isolated from EFM was resistant to AMP and azithromycin (AZI), and that isolated from PFM was resistant to AMP, AZI, and STR. Meanwhile, Pseudomonas spp. isolated from EFM and PFM were all resistant to AMP, AZI, cefotaxime (FOT), cefoxitin (FOX), ceftriaxone (AXO), CHL, NAL, and STR. Staphylococcus spp. isolated from EFM and PFM were resistant to gentamycin (GEN), STR, and kanamycin (KAN), and in particular, that from EFM showed resistance for erythromycin (ERY). In conclusion, our study suggested that EFM lead STR antibiotics resistance for human-harmful bacteria to decrease, because only the bacteria isolated from hot pepper and tomato crop with PFM have showed resistance against STR antibiotics, regardless of bacterial genus.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.626-633
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• 2023

Vibrio spp. are aquatic bacteria that are ubiquitous in warm estuarine and marine environments. Especially, V. vulnificus and V. cholerae are currently known to cause potentially fatal infections in humans. This study investigated the distribution and antibiotic resistance of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae isolated from coastal areas of Gyeongsangnam-do in 2022. A total of 252 samples of water, shellfish and coastal sediment were collected from 7 locations along the coast, and 124 samples of fishery products were collected from markets. Among the 252 samples, forty-four V. vulnificus (11.7%) and fourteen V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 (3.7%), none of which carried the ctx gene, were isolated. Out of the 124 samples, 6 (4.8%) tested positive for V. vulnificus and V. cholerae was not detected. The isolation rates of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae showed a significant correlation with environmental factors such as seawater temperature and salinity. In an antibiotic resistance test, V. vulnificus was susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin, but resistant to cefoxitin (100.0%), followed by tetracycline (9.1%). Multidrug resistance was also observed. Continuous monitoring of Vibrio pathogens with water temperature and salinity is expected to help reduce the outbreaks, and rational use of antibiotic agents is needed to prevent the accession of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in aquatic ecosystems.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.432-440
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• 2023

Irrational and injudicious use of antibiotics, easy availability of them as over-the-counter drugs in economically developing countries, and unavailability of regulatory policies governing antimicrobial use in agriculture, animals, and humans, has led to the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria. The use of medicinal plants can be considered as an alternative, with a consequent impact on microbial resistance. We tested extracts of Piper longum fruits as new natural products as agents for reversing the resistance to antibiotics. Six crude extracts of P. longum fruits were utilized against a clinical isolate of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.The antibiotic susceptibility testing disc method was used in the antibiotic resistance reversal analysis. Apart from cefoxitin and erythromycin, all other antibiotics used (lincosamides [clindamycin], quinolones [levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin], and aminoglycosides [amikacin and gentamicin]) were enhanced by P. longum extracts. The extracts that showed the greatest synergy with the antibiotics were EAPL (ethyl acetate [extract of] P. longum), n-BPL (n-butanol [extract of] P. longum), and MPL (methanolic [extract of] P. longum The results of this study suggest that P. longum extracts have the ability to increase the effectiveness of different classes of antibiotics and reverse their resistance. However, future studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the synergy between antibiotic and phytocompound(s) and identify the active biomolecules of P. longum responsible for the synergy in S. aureus.