• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.348-351
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• 1998

Common DNA fragments of the ${\beta}$-globin gene were observed from six races of the adult common carp: Hybrid-Yamato, Japanese wild type, Mirror, Suwa-Yamato, Scale German, and Saku-Yamato. Chromosomal DNAs isolated from the above six races were digested with restriction endonucleased EcoRI and PstI. The digested fragments were transferred onto nitrocellulose filter and hybridized with a probe of carp ${\beta}$-globin cDNA. Molecular sizes of the hybridized DNA fragments digested with EcoRI were 3.6Kb(Kilo base), 4.3Kb and 15Kb in Hybrid-Yamato, Japanese wild type, Mirror, Scale German and Saku-Yamato carp DNAs. In Scale German and Saku-Yamato carp DNAs, two and one more hybridized DNA fragments were observed, respectively. Molecular sizes of the hybridized DNA fragments digested with PstI were 2.2Kb, 6.5Kb, 7.8Kb and 9.2Kb in Hybrid-Yamato, 2.2Kb, 6.5Kb and 9.2Kb in Japanese wild type, 2.2Kb, 6.5Kb, 7.8Kb, and 13Kb in Mirror, 2,2Kb, 5,5Kb, 6.5Kb, 7.8Kb, 9.2Kb and13Kb in Scale German, and 2.2Kb, 5.5Kb, 6.5Kb, 9.2Kb and Saku-Yamato carp DNA. Therefore, depending on carps, three to six DNA fragments were hybridized with ${\beta}$-globin gene probe. Thus it indicated polymorphysm in the globin gene family of carp.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2008

We experimentally investigated effects of four concentrations (4, 6, 8, and 10%) each of dietary Spirulina and Chiorella, as well as four concentrations of dietary astaxanthin (40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm in Carophyll Pink), on the body color of red- and white-colored carp, Cyprinus carpio. The total carotenoid concentration in the skin tissue of the red parts of the carp fed dietary Spirulina, Chiorella, and astaxanthin increased up to the second week of the experiment but decreased thereafter. The redness value of the Spirulina-and Chiorella-treated fish decreased up to the sixth week of the experiment and increased thereafter. However, the redness value of the astaxanthin-treated fish consistently increased, beginning in the second week. Of the three agents tested, astaxanthin in Carophyll Pink was the most effective at enhancing the redness of both red- and white-colored carp. The redness value of the fish did not statistically differ among the various concentrations of astaxanthin. Therefore, dietary supplementation with 40ppm astaxanthin would be the most economical method for enhancing the redness of red- and white-colored carp fingerlings.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.403-407
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• 1997

Intraspecific sequence variation was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing of a 350-nucleotide region of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene of two natural populations (Han River and Nakdong River) and one hatchery stock (Jinhae Inland Fisheries Institute) of local strain common carp, one Israeli strain of common carp stock from Pukyong National University (PKU), and one hybrid between Israeli strain of common carp female and local strain common carp male from PKU stock. There is little variation in 350 bases of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences among 2 natural and 1 hatchery local strain common carp populatins, representing abut 7 to 20 nucleotide differences (less than 6%). The sequence of specimens from Han River was more similar to that from Nakdong River (identity=98.0%) than to that from Jinhae Inland Fisheries Institute (identity=96.3%). Sequence variation between Israeli strain and wild local strain common carp was higher than the variation within natural stocks. The level of variation was ranged from 15.7 to 17.7%. The hybrid showed very similar nucleotide4 sequence of 12S rRNA gene to the sequence of Israeli strain with the identity of 98.9%.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.447-454
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• 1985

As a part of serial study for comparing lipid components in freshwater fishes, this work was undertaken to compare the lipid components among wild and cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio, and Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus. The lipid components of cultured carp were analyzed and compared with those of wild and Israeli carp. In the content of total lipid, the lipid content in cultured carp was slightly lower than that in wild one, but similar to that in Israeli carp. The lipid contents in viscera of wild and cultured carp were 2 times higher than those in edible portion, but the lipid content in viscera of Israeli carp showed a similar trend to that in edible portion. In the fatty acid composition of neutral lipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in cultured carp wire higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4}\;and\;C_{20:5}$ lower, and percentage of $C_{18:2}$ in Israeli carp was noticeably higher than that in wild and cultured carp. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3}\;and\;_C{22:6}$ in cultured carp were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:5}$ lower. The unsaturation (TUFA/TSFA) of neutral lipid in cultured carp was slightly higher than that in wild one, but slightly lower than that in Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the unsaturation showed a similar trend to that of neutral lipid. The essential fatty acid content(TEFA) of neutral lipid in edible portion of cultured carp was higher than that of wild one, but that in viscera lower. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, the essential fatty acid content in Israeli carp was slightly higher than that in wild and cultured carp, and that in wild one was higher than that in cultured one. The w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid contents(w3 HUFA) of neutral lipid almost showed a similar trend to the essential fatty acid contents in wild and cultured carp, and Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the w3 HUFA in Israeli carp was considerably higher than those in cultured and wild carp. In the ratio (A/C) of fatty acid content(A) in cultured carp to that(C) in diet, the A/C ratios of $C_{20:5}\;w3(0.12),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.53),\;C_{22:5}\;w3(0.68)\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3(0.26)$ were much lower and in the ratio (B/C) of fatty acid content (B) in Israeli carp, the B/C ratios of $C_{18:3}\;w3(0.61),\;C_{20:5}\;w3(0.11),\;C_{22:4}\;w6(0.16),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.07)\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3(0.79)$ were also lower than the other fatty acid. Consequently, it is considered that the ratios of w3 HUFA is related to the biosynthesis of polyenoic acid and growth rates of cultured and Israeli carp.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.545-549
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• 1985

The muscles of wild and cultured carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Israeli carp (Cyprinus carpio nudus) were analyzed for the amino acid profiles, in vitro digestibility, predicted digestibility, C-PER and DC-PER. The distribution patterns of the total amino acid profiles in wild and cultured carp were found to be very similar, although there were relatively large differences in lysine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid contents which were higher in the cultured carp. Israeli carp was 2 times as much as wild carp in lysine. The quality of muscle proteins in wild and cultured carp, and Israeli carp was predicted by the in vitro method. The protein quality of Israeli carp was higher than that of wild and cultured carp, whereas there showed a similar tend to protein quality between wild and cultured carp. The contents of hitidine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, alanine and glutamic acid in diet showed stronger positive corelation with the levels of protein deposition than those of protein intake, and those amino acids would greatly influence on amino acid composition of muscle protein in fishes.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 1988

There occurred a large quantity of death of the cultured carp (Cyprinus carpio) in net pens in Lake Taechong and Lake Chungju(Chungcheongbuk-do) from July through Sep., 1987. The carp were two-year-old and 500g to 2,500g in body weight. As a result of biopsy of dying carp, 1 through 10 egg-shaped giant cysts with 12 through 60mm in diameter were observed in their intestine per one carp. The author suggested that the carp were died from blockade of intestinal tract and following enteritis by the giant cysts. The giant cysts were filled with numerous mature Thelohanellus genus spores confirmed to Thelohanellus kitauei after following examination. In this case the author could find out this disease was spread by transverse infection following infestation in net pens of fingerling fish farms.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2007

Liposome-entrapped atypical Aeromonas hydrophila antigen was prepared to investigate the potential protective efficacy for A. hydrophila infection. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were immunized orally with liposome-entrapped A. hydrophila antigen. After immunization, significantly more antigen-specific antibodies were detected in serum, intestinal mucus and bile than non-immunized control group. The immunized carp were then challenged by immersion with $1{\times}10^{6}$ cfu/ml of A. hyrdophila for 60 min. Of the eight non-immunized carp, three carp died (62.5% survival), whereas five out of six (83.5%) of the immunized survived. Furthermore, development of skin ulcers was significantly inhibited in carp immunized with liposomes containing A. hydrophila antigen. These results suggest that liposomes containing A. hydrophila antigen have a potential for induction of protective immune responses against atypical A. hydrophila infection and also suggest the possibility of developing a vaccine that may ultimately be used for prevention of fish diseases.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.44 no.2 s.441
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• pp.115-122
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• 2006

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dimensional errors between real tooth, 3D CT image and CARP model. Materials and Methods : Two maxilla and two mandible block bones with intact teeth were taken from two cadavers. Computed tomography was taken either in dry state and in wet state. After then, all teeth were extracted and the dimensions of the real teeth were measured using a digital caliper at mesio-distal and bucco-lingual width both in crown and cervical portion. 3D CT image was generated using the V-works $4.0^{TM}$ (Cybemed Inc., Seoul, Korea) software. Twelve teeth were randomly selected for CARP model fabrication. All the measurements of 3D Ct images and CARP models were made in the same manner of the real tooth group. Dimensional errors between real tooth, 3D CT image model and CARP model was calculated. Results : 1) Average of absolute error was 0.199 mm between real teeth and 3D CT image model, 0.169 mm between 3D CT image model and CARP model and 0.291 mm between real teeth and CARP model, respectively. 2) Average size of 3D CT image was smaller than real teeth by 0.149 mm and that of CARP model was smalier than 3D CT image model by 0.067mm. Conclusion : Within the scope of this study, CARP model with the 0.291 mm average of absolute eror can aid to enhance the success rate cf autogenous tooth transplantation due to the increased accuracy of recipient bone and donor tooth.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2006

Native grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idellus) growth hormone, has 5 cysteine amino acid residues, forms two disulphide bridges in its mature form. Recombinant grass carp growth hormone, when over-expressed in E. coli, forms inclusion bodies. In vitro oxidative renaturation of guanidine-hydrochloride dissolved recombinant grass carp growth hormone was achieved by sequential dilution and stepwise dialysis at pH 8.5. The redox potential of the refolding cocktail was maintained by glutathione disulphide/glutathione couple. The oxidative refolded protein is heterogeneous, and contains multimers, oligomers and monomers. The presence of non-disulphide-bond-forming cysteine in recombinant grass carp growth hormone enhances intermolecular disulphide bond formation and also non-native intramolecular disulphide bond formation during protein folding. The non-disulphide-bond-forming cysteine was converted to serine by PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis. The resulting 4-cysteine grass carp growth hormone has improved in vitro oxidative refolding properties when studied by gel filtration and reverse phase chromatography. The refolded 4-cysteine form has less hydrophobic aggregate and has only one monomeric isoform. Both refolded 4-cysteine and 5-cystiene forms are active in radioreceptor binding assay.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 1992

The differences of nutritive components in muscle and viscera of local and Israeli strains of common carp were examined. The crude lipid content in muscle was higher in the local carp than in the Israeli carp, but that in viscera was lower in the local carp than in the Israeli carp. There was no appreciable differences of crude protein and ash in viscera between local and Israeli carp. The distribution patterns of the total amino acid profiles for both local and Israeli carp were very similar. The principal amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and Iysine. They were 42 percent of total amino acids. Taurine and histidine were important part of free amino acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content in the polar lipids were high in both strains.