• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2018

In this paper, we analyze accident factors that occur in the unloading of steel cargoes and try to derive priority of importance among factors. The Fuzzy-AHP, which enables hierarchical analysis through pairwise comparison of factors, is used to derive priorities of safety factors to consider when unloading steel cargo. In the top factor analysis results, weights were ranked in order of human factors, safety education, equipment and facilities, and business environment. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the improvement of the safety consciousness of the field workers and enterprises and to reduce the incidence of accidents in the unloading and unloading operations by deriving the relative importance between the factors. In the future, it is necessary to study the cargoes of other disasters such as container cargo as well as steel cargo.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.45
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• pp.85-109
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• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.131-149
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• 2004

With trend of container ships becoming larger and faster, the environment surrounding ports in North-East Asia is rapidly changing. Korea's largest port of Busan processed more than 10 million 20- feet equivalent containers in 2003, surpassing the 10-million TEU mark for the first time in its three decades of operation. However, the Port of Busan , the world's third-largest port in 2002, was eclipsed by Shanghai since July in 2003. The first massive strike of truckers crippled the Korea's logistics system in May and in September, the Port of Busan suffered from the second strike of truckers and damage by a powerful typhoon. By contrast, the port of Shenzhen in China increased its container-processing volume by 39.9 percent to 10.65 million TEU in 2003, and Shanghai, which passed Busan in terms of container volume in the middle of last year, further consolidated its position as the world's No. 3 port with an annual volume of 11.28 million TEU. After all, Busan recorded an annual container volume of 10.40 million TEU, slipping to fifth in rankings in 2003 and Busan's bid to become a Northeast Asian hub has suffered a further setback as these chinese ports overtook the port of Busan. But the port of Busan is located in the main trunk liking North America, Europe and South-East Asia. Once the project of Busan Newport is accomplished and the railway between South and North Korea is connected to TCR and TSR, the Port of Busan will have the most potential to become the international logistics center as the starting point of the land and sea routes encompassing all over the world.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.577-584
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• 2003

Container terminals are various in terms of layout, cargo handling systems and operational aspects resulting in difference in productivity and economic feasibility. Therefore, by evaluating different terminal types, more comprehensive understanding can be grasped. For this the paper aims at evaluating the three terminal types under operation, the conventional terminal, the unmaned terminal and the indented terminal, with respect to productivity and cost. Based on the results in connection with the situation of Korean container terminal operation, feasibility for each type is discussed with suggestion for the optimal type.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.3 s.109
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• pp.203-209
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• 2006

Maritime transport has been occupying the biggest part of the container transportation market. With regard to container terminal management, the planning technology and the space allocation system on the yard are very significant factors to secure the stability of ship and to ensure the reliability of schedules of ship throughout keeping barycenter of vessel by right loading and fast handling of cargoes. The purposes of this paper are to illustrate the existing yard management systems such as Grouping method and Random Grounding method, and then to evaluate and compare the efficiency of yard availability between the existing management system(Grouping method) and Random Grouping which uses the forecasted inbound cargo volume at the gate by Time Base Operation.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2012

Recent global supply chain, improving the efficiency of container shipping process is very important. In the overseas shipping of goods, the voyage of super containership is common to overcome amount of increasing cargo. Thus, container terminal managers make an experiment on the double cycle and dual cycle operation, which ship loading and unloading were carried out simultaneously, for maximizing the productivity of quay side. Yard Tractors(YTs) pooling methods also are introduced for increasing the efficiency of assignment of YTs. In this paper, we analyzed the efficiency of dual cycling through comparing existing pooling methods with the modified method for the dual cycling. We developed a simulation model using simulation analysis software, Arena. The result of experiment shown that the more dual cycling don't always increase the gross crane rate(GCR), which means productivity of quay cranes(QCs) per hour.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.97-106
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• 2018

Background: A cargo container scanner using a high-energy X-ray generates a fan beam X-ray to acquire a transmitted image. Because the generated X-rays by LINAC may affect the image quality and radiation protection of the system, it is necessary to acquire accurate information about the generated X-ray beam distribution. In this paper, a diode-based multi-channel spatial dose measuring device for measuring the X-ray dose distribution developed for measuring the high energy X-ray beam distribution of the container scanner is described. Materials and Methods: The developed high-energy X-ray spatial dose distribution measuring device can measure the spatial distribution of X-rays using 128 diode-based X-ray sensors. And precise measurement of the beam distribution is possible through automatic positioning in the vertical and horizontal directions. The response characteristics of the measurement system were evaluated by comparing the signal gain difference of each pixel, response linearity according to X-ray incident dose change, evaluation of resolution, and measurement of two-dimensional spatial beam distribution. Results and Discussion: As a result, it was found that the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the response signal according to the incident position showed a difference of about 10%, and the response signal was linearly increased. And it has been confirmed that high-resolution and two-dimensional measurements are possible. Conclusion: The developed X-ray spatial dose measuring device was evaluated as suitable for dose measurement of high energy X-ray through confirmation of linearity of response signal, spatial uniformity, high resolution measuring ability and ability to measure spatial dose. We will perform precise measurement of the X-ray beamline in the container scanning system using the X-ray spatial dose distribution measuring device developed through this research.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.228-229
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• 2018

To deal with the increasing volume of the vessel's cargo in the container flow and the enlargement trend of the vessels, Pusan port is making efforts from various perspectives such as the creation of global infrastructure and the promotion and development of new wharves. If Pusan port can provide and prepare the eligible infrastructures for future berthing of larger vessels. It will be able to operate with vessels larger than 20,000TEU, and it will also be able to grow into one of the main port of the Mega max era.. However, when large vessels dock, many berths, equipment, working time and labors are required. As a result, the problem of delaying time of other consecutive vessels will inevitably arise. In response to this, we analyze the impact and effect of the birthing of a large vessel on other congestion vessels at a container terminal.

• Proceedings of the Korea Port Economic Association Conference
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• 2006.08a
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• pp.159-179
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• 2006

As the current trend to the main index of the port competitiveness evaluation, the competitiveness index of the port service comes to more important than the part of expense, location and facility. To reform the bottleneck of port has an effect on improving port service competitiveness. Therefore, this study shows the importance of analyzing bottlenecks on logistics to improve port competitiveness. It collected recent questionnaire data which are the subject as the Custom Service, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Trade Association about bottlenecks of port logistics for working out bottlenecks of domestic port logistics and it produced the order of priorities of bottlenecks by multiplying each output priorities and weights of each process in user of Incheon inner-outer port which is focused on container freight by analysis of priority and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). Unlike existing studies, this study has important values. It presents the priority evaluation only focused on the container freight was produced by port users who are categorized into shipping company, terminal operation company and forwarder, car-ferry in Incheon inner-outer port and making a application of logistics process. It means internal and external competitiveness improvement plan can be presented more concretely and detailed than past competitiveness attributes such as location, facility, service and expense. If the analysis of port logistics bottlenecks which was focused on container freight is extended to the part of general cargo and sundries such as haul grain, car, scrap iron, those studies will be able to provide Incheon port users with useful information and a model of analyzing overall bottleneck of logistics in Incheon port.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.659-665
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• 2019

Various placards are attached to the surface of a container depending on the risk of the cargo loaded. Containers with dangerous goods should be managed separately from ordinary containers. Therefore, as part of the port automation system, there is a demand for automatic recognition of placards. In this paper, proposed is a system that automatically extracts the placard area based on the shape features of the placard and recognizes the contents in it. Various distortions can be caused by the surface curvature of the container, therefore, attention should be paid to the area extraction and recognition process. The proposed system can automatically extract the region of interest and recognize the placard using the feature that the placard is diamond shaped and the class number is written just above the lower vertex. When the proposed system is applied to real images, the placard can be recognized without error, and the used techniques can be applied to various image analysis systems.