• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the scalding temperature at slaughtering process on meat quality and storage properties of chicken. The yellowness (b$\^$*/ value) of skin decreased at high scalding temperature (65-67$^{\circ}C$) and WHC (water holding capacity) increased from 67.04％ at low temperature (53-55$^{\circ}C$) to 69.26％ at high temperature. WBS (Warner-Bratzler Shear force) significantly increased from 1.70kg/0.5inch$^2$ to 2.54kg/0.5inch$^2$ as the scalding temperature increased (p＜0.05). TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substance) values were 0.25mgMA/kg at low temperature, 0.24mgMA/kg at middle temperature (59-61$^{\circ}C$) and 0.27mgMA/kg on 3 days of storage. Total aerobic counts (TPC) were 4.99 logCFU/mL at low temperature, 4.88 10gCFU/mL at middle temperature and 4.05 logCFU/mL. Although TPC was decreased as the scalding temperature increased. The detection rate of feather at carcass inspection was low as the scalding temperature increased and the detection rate of large feather (＞lcm) was not significantly different between middle temperature and high temperature. Exposed flesh was severe as the scalding temperature increased. In conclusion, meat color and physical properties of chicken were acceptable when the carcasses were scalded at low temperature, but they were microbiologically susceptible and uneasy to remove the feather. The yellowness (b$\^$*/ value) of skin decreased at high scalding temperature, and total aerobic counts (TPC) were decreased as the scalding temperature increased, and easy to remove the feather.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.356-363
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of hot boning and curing condition on the quality characteristics of ground chicken breast. Treatments were cured by four conditions follows; control (general curing method), T1 (after hot-boning and then immediately cured), T2 (after hot-boning and immediately cured, then frozen), and T3 (after hot-boning, immediately frozen, refrigerated and then cured). The pH of chicken breast in the state of pre-rigor was 6.22. The pH of cold storage or freezing chicken breast meat respectively were 5.70 or 5.61. The pH of T1 and T2 treatments were significantly higher than those of control and T3 treatment (p<0.05). After stored for 1 wk, the pH value of T1 treatment had a higher value than those of other treatments. T1 treatment had the highest water holding capacity and the lowest cooking loss among all treatments, regardless of the cooking methods. The reduction in diameter for T1 and T2 treatments was lower than those of control and T3 treatment (p<0.05). T1 treatment had the lowest fat loss and moisture loss among all treatments, and the emulsifying capacity of T1 treatment was the highest. The protein solubility of T1 treatment was significantly lower than that of T3 treatment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.777-789
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• 2020

Intense artificial selection has been imposed to Luzhong mutton sheep population in the past years. Improvements on growth and reproductive performance are two breeding goals in the present herd. Although some progresses were phenotypically observed possibly due to inbreeding induced by strong selection in terms of these traits, the genomic evaluation was poorly understood. Therefore, a high-density SNP array was used to characterize the pattern of runs of homozygosity (ROH), estimate inbreeding and inbreeding depressions on early growth performance and litter size based upon ROH, and scan positive selection signatures of recent population. Consequently, a low inbreeding level was observed which had negative effects on litter size, but not on early growth performance. And 160 genes were under selection, of which some were reported to be linked to several traits of sheep including body weight, litter size, carcass and meat quality, milk yield and composition, fiber quality and health, and the top genes were associated with growth (growth hormone [GH]- growth hormone receptor [GHR]- Insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF1] axis) and litter size (bone morphogenic proteins [BMPs]-associated). The effectiveness of previous breeding measures was highlighted, but purging selection was proposed to alleviate the inbreeding depression on litter size, providing some genomic insights to breeding management of Luzhong mutton sheep.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.350-356
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dietary corn levels in Total Mixed Rations (TMR) on growth and meat quality of castrated Korean black goats. For feeding trials, thirty-two castrated Korean black goats with similar age (average of 3 months) and body weight (average of 15.9 kg) were divided into the following four treatment groups: commercial feed (control), TMR containing 15% of corn (T1), TMR containing 25% of corn (T2), and TMR containing 35% of corn (T3) in a randomized complete block design. Final body weight was the highest in T2 (58.9 kg), followed by that in control group (53.1 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) and total dry matter intake (TDMI) were also the highest in T2 (100.2 g and 1,346 g, respectively). However, feed conversion ratio (13.4) was the lowest in T2. Carcass weight and dressing percentage in T2 and T3 were higher than those in the control. For meat quality characteristics, crude fat content was the highest in T2 (6.54%). Cooking loss (15.2%) was the lowest in the control. However, the control had the highest flavor value (5.3%). Oleic acid (C18:l) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were the highest in T2 (48.6% and 22.4%, respectively). Stearic acid (C18:0) was the highest in T1 (14.5%). Unsaturated fatty acid was the highest in the control (58.8%), followed by that in T3 (58.2%), T2 (57.8%), and T1 (54.4%). These results indicate that TMR containing 25% of corn could improve the growth performance and meat quality of castrated Korean black goats.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.229-237
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• 2009

This study was conducted to compare the quality of the pork from finishing pigs that were fed diets containing different levels of methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM). A total of 135 crossbred pigs $(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc)$ were fed either with a control commercial diet or the control diet supplemented with 300- and 500-ppm MSM for 158d. The pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110kg live weight and were transported to the local slaughterhouse for electrical stunning followed by exsanguination. After the slaughter, the pork muscles were dissected from each carcass, placed in wrap package bags, and stored for 8d at $4^{\circ}C$. The TEARS values of the pigs that were fed MSM diets were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared with those of the pigs that were fed with non-supplemented diets. The Na, Mg, and Ca contents of the dietary MSM were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of the non-supplemented diets, but the Fe, Cu, and Zn contents of the dietary MSM were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the non-supplemented diets, and the increased level of MSM supplementation resulted in higher sulfur contents. There was no difference among the diets in terms of amino acid content. The dietary supplementation with MSM, however, led to increased saturated fatty acid and decreased unsaturated fatty acid (%) in the pork muscles (p<0.05). The sensory panelists recorded greater marbling and overall acceptability scores in the samples with 500-ppm-MSM dietary supplementation (p<0.05). These data suggest that supplementing pig diets with MSM can improve the quality of the pork and can enhance the eating quality because the sensory panels found that the pork from pigs that were fed an MSM-supplemented diet had better sensory characteristics.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2021

This experiment was conducted to the purpose of evaluating the effect of feeding on Korean Native Cattle to expand the production and utilization of whole crop rice (WCR). TMR (Total mixed ration) feed was prepared by using WCR produced in Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do, and the growth capacity and meat quality characteristics of 16 Korean Native Cattle raised up to 29 months of age were investigated. The produced WCR silage for feed had a moisture content of 64.02% and a crude protein content of 7.54%, and was blended with about 45% during the growing season, and lowered to 35, 15 and 9%, respectively, in the fattening period (early, middle and late stages). The body weight of the WCR-TMR feeding group was significantly higher than that of the control in the middle and late fattening stage, and at the end (29 months of age), the control group was 631 kg/head, but the WCR-TMR feeding group was 647 kg/head, which was higher. The average daily gain was significantly higher in the WCR-TMR feeding group in the growing and early fattening period, and there was no difference in the mid- and late fattening period. In the whole period, 0.71 vs 0.75 kg/head/day, WCR-TMR feeding group was high. In terms of meat quantity, the back fat thickness of the control group (11.7 mm) was significantly thicker than that of the WCR-TMR fed group (9.3 mm) (P<0.05). There was no difference in Rib eye area, Carcass weight and Meat yield index (P>0.05). In terms of meat quality, the Marbling score was higher in the WCR-TMR feeding group (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in Meat color, Fat color, Texture and Maturity. Considering the above results, TMR feeding mainly on whole crop rice silage for feed improved the productivity of livestock, but there was no significant difference in meat quality. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to produce and use the whole crop rice for feed in countries with poor forage conditions.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.87-102
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• 1980

In order to investigate the utilization probability of two years old laying hen for W.L. and R.I.R. breeds, carcass weight and percentage were examined and dried old chicken meat products were manufactured for experiments. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Average living body weight were 1,635.40g for the W.L. breeds and 2,289.29g for the R.I.R. breeds and percentage carcass and lean meat for the W.L. were 58.73% and 43.95%, for the R.I.R. 60.34%, 41.98%, respectively. 2. In constitution percentage of carcass on different parts for W.L. and R.I.R. breeds, head were 4.13% and 3.94%, wing 9.97% and 8.62%, breast 32.54% and 20.94%, back 11.35% and 9.75%, thigh 30.75% and 31.34%, hypordermic fat 11.37% and 17.34%, respectively. 3. In constitution percentage of lean meat on different parts for W.L. and R.I.R. breeds, head were 4.03% and 3.95%, wing 9.47% and 9.79%, breast 39.37% and 38.14%, back 11.24% and 9.40%, thigh 36.16% and 38.74%, respectively. 4. In chemical composition of old chicken meat for W.L. breed, moisture was 68.18%, crude protein 22.80%, crude fat 2.70%, extract 5.15% and crude ash 1.18% and for R.I.R. breed, moisture was 68.04%, crude protein 22.18%, crude fat 3.13%, extract 5.45% and crude ash 1.21%. 5. Weight loss in steaming for W.L. at $121^{\circ}C$ for 30min., 60min., and 90min. were 54.91, 56.43 and 58.42%, respectively, and for R.I.R. were 45.23, 47.68 and 49.68%, respectively. 6. The yield of old chicken meat product per a hen were 253.01g for W.L. and 368.64g for R.I.R., the ratio for fresh meat weight and for carcass weight were 35.47% and 26.34% for W.L. breed and 38.25 and 26.83% for R.I.R. breed. 7. In chemical composition of old chicken meat product for W.L., moisture was 16.69%, crude protein 66.16%, crude fat 12.81%, crude ash 4.35%, and R.I.R., moisture 16.11%, crude protein 65.95%, crude fat 13.78% and crude ash 4.57%. 8. To investigate the physical properties which was main factor affecting the product quality, tensile strength, tear strength and elongation rate were measured. The adhesive force of the product made under pressure of $70kg/cm^2$ was similar to those of chipo which was the control product. 9. When measured the color of each protein product, lightness of the product pressed at $70kg/cm^2$ was better than that at $35kg/cm^2$, and the lightness of breast muscle product at $70kg/cm^2$ and chipo was not significant as 16.7% and 16.4%, respectively. Dominant wavelength of product pressed at $70kg/cm^2$ was very similar to chipo which was yellowish orange. 10. In the results of sensory evaluation test containing taste, color, chewing texture and oder of the meat product, when index of chipo as control product was 100, index of breast meat product was higher than that as 118.4, but miscellaneous product was 99.7 and thigh product was 96.2. 11. Summing up the results written above, the meat product utilizing two years old laying hen was compared favorably with its similar food such as chipo on the point of nutrition and physical properties as high protein food, therefore, it was thought that industrialization must be highly appropriate.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.963-974
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the growth performance, carcass characteristics, physico-chemical properties and fatty acid composition of muscle tissues of Hanwoo steers when they were fed diets containing four levels of E. ulmoides leaves. Steers were allotted to one of four dietary treatments, which were designed to progressively substitute Eucommia ulmoides for 0, 3, 5 and 10% of the rice straw in the basal diet. Seventy two Hanwoo steers (321±13kg) were used. Average daily gain (0.81-0.86kg) and feed conversion (10.05-10.59) were not changed by feeding E. ulmoides leaves. Emission of fecal ammonia gas was decreased by increasing substitution levels of E. ulmoides leaves. Emission of ammonia gas in feces of steers were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the 5% and 10% treatments at 40℃ compared with in control (30.6ppm) and 3% treatment (29.8ppm), respectively 20.3 and 21.6ppm. Back fat thickness was higher (p<0.05) in steers fed control diet (15.0mm) than 5 and 10% E. ulmoides diets (10.2 and 10.5mm respectively). The grade ‘A’ appearances of meat yield of steers were increased up to 20% by the 3% substitution of E. ulmoides leaves, and the grades ‘1+’ and ‘1’ appearances of meat quality were significantly improved (p<0.05) by the 5 and 10% Eucommia ulmoides feeding. There was no statistical difference in meat color of loin and top round among all treatments. It appeared that the 5% and 10% E. ulmoides leaves feeding affected (p<0.05) a increase in oleic acid concentration in loin and top round muscles. The concentration of serum cholesterol was lower (p<0.05) in steers fed 10% E. ulmoides (53.3mg/100g) than that of the other treatments (55.7-57.0mg/100g). The diarrhea incidence was about 20.26% in control, while it was lower (p<0.05) in the 5 and 10% E. ulmoides leaves treatments (10.4-12.5%) than control. There was no statistical difference in the occurrences of respiratory disease among all treatments. It is concluded that E. ulmoides leaves should be a prospective feed additive because it contains various functional substances. It is likely that air-dried E. ulmoides leaves can reduce the back fat thickness of Hanwoo steers and the occurrences of diarrhea. Therefore, the 5 and 10% substitution of E. ulmoides for roughage are highly recommended to be used in practice.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2003

All diets were based on feeds of fattening period pigs(LY x D, ca. 90 kg) with six treatments, which were the control, containing 5% beef tallow(C), 3% beef tallows and 2% perilla seeds oil(T1), 250 ppm vit. E(${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate) in T1(T2), 3% beef tallow and 2% squid viscera oil(T3), 250 ppm vit. E in T3(T4), and 3% beef tallow and 2% CLA(T5), respectively. Produced porks and their carcass characteristics were as follows. The daily gain of pigs was higher in T2 and 73 than any other treatments(p<0.05). Its T2 and T3 was 3.71 and 3.80 respectively, however, there was no significance in feed intake. The highest back fat thickness was shown in control group on market weight, while there was no significant difference on their initial weight. Loin-eye muscle area did not show any significant difference on initial weight and on market weight, however, its T5 was about twice as large as T2's. Content of triglyceride in blood was high in control group as compared to others; especially, the values for T3, T4 and T5 were significantly low(p <0.05). There was no significant difference in total cholesterol contents, and the ratio of HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol was higher in vit. E treated samples than untreated sample. Atherogenic index was high in sample with T3 and low in sample with T2. The perilla seed oil, squid fish oil, and vit. E decreased atherogenic index. Dressing percentage, back fat thickness, and grade did not show any significant difference(p >0.05); however, T2, C and T3, T1 and T5 showed 4.67, 4.29, 4.00 respectively, in grades.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.449-457
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding rye silage on growth performance, blood and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. The total of eighteen $(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc)$ pigs $(94.03\pm0.71kg)$ were used in a 28-days assay. Dietary treatments included 1) CON(commercial diet ME 3,350 kcal/kg and crude fiber $2.84\%$), 2) T1(ME 3,294kcal/kg and crude fiber $2.99\%$ diet with rye silage $1.66\%$) and 3) T2(ME 3,237kcal/kg and crude fiber $3.15\%$ with rye silage $3.32\%$). In growth performance, total feed intake, basal feed intake and average daily feed intake were significantly higher in T1 and T2 treatments than CON treatment(P<0.05). Cortisol concentration in blood of pigs fed rye silage was significantly decreased compare to pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05). In meat quality characteristics, the hunter's $L^*$ value and marbling of pork were the highest in T2 treatment among treatments (P<0.05). Fatty acid composition in lean meat, the composition of palmitic and arachidic acid were significantly Higher in CON than others(P<0.05), also, palmitoleic acid was highest in T2 treatment among treatments(P<0.05). In fats those, palmitic and arachidic acid were the highest in CON treatment than those of other treatments(P<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen in pigs fed T1 and T2 diets were greater than that of pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05). Propionic acid concentration of fecal was the highest in T1 treatment among treatments(P<0.05). In conclusion, feed intake, the hunter's $L^*$ value, meat color of sensory evaluation and marbling of pork were affected by $3.32\%$ rye silage feeding.