• 한국습지학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2006

Seasonal biomass and carbon, nitrogen contents change of marsh club-rush (Schoenoplectus trigueter) was investigated in Nakdong river estuary, located near Busan, Korea. New shoot of S. trigueter sprouted from tuber in April and fast growth season was followed until mature in August. Mature lengths of shoot and root were 60 and 9.4 cm, respectively. The increase of biomass showed similar seasonal trends with length. Mature biomass were $3.5gind^{-1}$ in wet weight and $0.6gind^{-1}$ in dry weight. The biomass of S. trigueter in areal basis was also highest during July and August ($186gDWm^{-2}$). The shoot of S. trigueter was disappeared in October from the ground but the biomass of shoot was maintained as a form of detritus in sediment. The amount of S. trigueter detritus was about 30~50% of the biomass in August. During winter, the amount of detritus decreased with time but the biomass of root+tuber remained same, implying the root+tuber part is alive. The net productivity of S. trigueter estimated from biomass change were $538gDWm^{-2}yr^{-1}$, $240g-Cm^{-2}yr^{-1}$, $8.2g-Nm^{-2}yr^{-1}$ in dry weight, carbon and nitrogen equivalent respectively. During winter, carbon to nitrogen ratio in detritus increased implying the preferred remineralization of nitrogen during microbial degradation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제108권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2019

This study was conducted to determine the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) response of litterfall components as affected by N addition in compound fertilizer in a Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stand in southern Korea. Litterfall in a mature red pine stand was collected for two years following compound fertilizer application ($N_3P_4K_1$; $P_4K_1$) and no fertilization (control). The C concentration of litterfall components was not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the $N_3P_4K_1$ and the control plots, whereas the N concentration of the litterfall components was significantly higher in the $N_3P_4K_1$ plot than in the control plot. The $N_3P_4K_1$ and $P_4K_1$ additions induced a lower C/N ratio of litterfall components compared with the control plot. Annual C and N fluxes via litterfall components were not affected by the $N_3P_4K_1$ addition over the study period, except for reproduction litter. Annual N fluxes via reproduction litter were significantly higher in the $N_3P_4K_1$ plot than in the control plot. Thus, the $N_3P_4K_1$ and $P_4K_1$ additions could modify differently nutrient distribution of the forest floor and mineral soils in a red pine stand. These results indicate that N concentration and C/N ratio in litterfall components are more susceptible to fertilizer application than the C response in litterfall components.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.146-150
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• 1994

Production of poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in fed-batch fermentation was studied. Utilization of carbon for PHB biosynthesis was investigated by using feeding solutions with different ratios of carbon to nitrogen (C/N). It was observed that at a high C/N ratio carbon source was more preferably utilized for PHB accumulation while its consumption for cellular metabolism appeared to be more favored at a low C/N value. A high cell concentration (184 g/l) was achieved when ammonium hydroxide solution was fed to control the pH, which was also utilized as the sole nitrogen source. For the mass production of PHB, two-stage fed-batch operations were carried out where PHB accumulation was observed to be stimulated by switching the ammonium feeding mode to the nitrogen limiting condition. A large amount of PHB (108 g/l) was obtained with cellular content of 80% within 50 hrs of operation.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2001

The sludge wastes fermentation process reactors were operated to produce the VFAs(volatile fatty acids) as supplemental carbon sources and to determine the optimum operating conditions. The experiment was carried out by varied mixture ration of 400:0 350:30 300:100 200:200 and operating temperature 2$0^{\circ}C$ 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 4$0^{\circ}C$ The results were as follows: Higher VFAs production rate observed at higher mixed ratio of primary sludge. When the mixed ratio of primary sludge and return sludge were 400:0 350:50 300:100 200:200 respectively. VFAs production are were 829.6mg/l 944.2 mg/l 597.9mg/ml an d441.6 mg/l , respectively. the yield of VFAs increased with temperature, but decreased with initial TSS concentration Because fermented sludge has relatively low nitrogen and phosphorus and relatively high VFAs it can be used as a substitute for external carbon in biological nutrient removal process.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2003

Dry weight loss and nutrient release from leaf litter for six tree species were studied using litter bag methods. The litter bags were incubated for f6 months on the forest floor in temperate deciduous forest in Mt. Cheonma, located at the middle part of Korean Peninsula. The changes in nutrient content and the rate of dry weight loss in leaf litter varied with litter types. The litter of Pinus densiflora showed the lowest rate of mass loss (k=0.33), nitrogen concentration (0.89%) and ash concentration (2.50%), while showed the highest C/N ratio (63.40). On the other hand, the litter of Acer pseudo-sieboldianum showed the fastest rate of mass loss (k=0.82), the highest nitrogen concentration (1.11%), and the lowest C/N ratio (49.40). During the decomposition, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium in the leaf litters showed relatively slow decreasing pattern compared to other elements (carbon, potassium, magnesium, manganese and sodium), but potassium and sodium decreased at early stage of the decomposition for all leaf litters. Differences in annual decomposition rates of litter among species were consistent with the particular chemical characteristics of their leaf litters. The initial concentration of nitrogen was positively correlated with litter decomposition rate for six species, while litter decomposition rate of six species was negatively correlated with C:N ratio of initial leaf litters.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.622-629
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• 2014

This study induced biological denitrification and nitrification via a biofiltration process with the view of removing nitrogen from land-based fish farm effluent. To achieve this, we operated an aquaculture nitrogen-removal system that includes a denitrification and nitrification reactor [working volume 40 L, flow rate 64.8 L, HRT (hydraulic retention time) 14.8 h, HRT considering recycling of NOx 7.4 h]. In the continuous process, the nitrification rate of ammonium nitrogen exceeded 90% at a steady state and the denitrification efficiency exceeded 80% with recycling to a pre-anoxic reactor. In addition, the pH in the final effluent was lower with a low influent water alkalinity averaging 100 mg/L (as $CaCO_3$). For effective denitrification reactions, carbon must be supplied via particulate organic matter (POM) hydrolysis because of the low C/N (carbon/nitrogen) ratio in the water.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.687-692
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• 2006

실험은 C/N 비가 낮은 실제하수 유입시 적용한 유동여재 $A_2O$시스템의 생물학적 탈질특성을 파악하고 외부 탄소원(메탄올) 주입량(C/N비) 변화에 따른 오염물질 제거특성, 각 반응조의 유기물, 질소 거동 특성을 검토하였다. 실험장치는 실험실 규모로 호기조에 유동여재를 투입하여 부유와 부착 미생물이 공존하는 혼합형 형태이다. 유동여재는 $10{\sim}20mm$정도의 육면체로 된 스폰지 형태의 폴리우레탄 재질이다. 실험에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 외부탄소원을 주입하지 않는 하수처리의 경우, 부유성 미생물양이 부착성 미생물양 보다 약 3배 가량 많았다(총 미생물량 80 g). 무산소조에 주입되는 외부탄소원에 의해 성장되는 미생물은 우선적으로 호기조 접촉여재에 일정량 부착된 후에 부유성 상태 미생물로 유지되었다. 유출수 $COD_{Cr}$ 농도는 외부탄소원 주입여부에 관계없이 $13{\sim}29mg/L$으로 안정하게 유지되었다. 유출수의 총무기성 질소(TIN)농도의 경우, 미주입시에는 $20.0{\sim}35.9mg/L$(제거효율 18%)이었으나 주입시에는 $2.5{\sim}9.0mg/L$(제거효율 $71{\sim}83%$)로 염분의 영향은 없었다. 각 반응조의 유기물($COD_{Cr}$) 제거특성은 외부탄소원 미주입시에는 대부분이 혐기조에서 제거되었으며, 외부탄소원 주입시에 대부분이 무산소조에서 제거되었다. 과잉주입의 경우 대부분이 호기조에서 제거되었다. 총 무기성 질소(TIN)의 경우, 외부탄소원 미주입시 대부분이 혐기조에서 제거되었으며, 외부탄소원 주입시 불안정한 상태에서는 혐기조에서, 안정한 상태에서는 무산소조에서 대부분 제거되었다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.143-148
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• 1994

Effects of process variables of HCD ion plating on the film composition of Ti(C, N) were analyzed. The mole ratio of carbon to nitrogen and that of non-metal to titanium in the film primarily depend on the partial pressure ratio of ($C-2H_2$/ $N_2$) and total reactive gas pressure, respectively. The amount of nonmetallic com-ponents increases in nonlinear fashion as the total gas pressure due to the different reactivity of $C-2H_2$ and $N_2$ gases with Ti. The nonmetallic components was saturated dwith nitrogen when the nitrogen gas was more than 60% of total reactive gas. These two process variables could be related systematically using the concept of effective pressure in which the difference of reactivity of each gas was normalized.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2013

Various depositional conditions, such as substrate, pressure, deposition time, temperature of substrate, power and gas composition, have mainly been studied to attain DLC films using RF sputtering system up to the current. In this study, the $N_2/Ar/CH_4$ gas mixture factored on characteristics of DLC deposited film such as structure, hardness, electrical property were investigated. The concentration of the $N_2$ gas in the sputtering gas may be a significant effect on the growth rate of the doped films, because nitrogen ions react not only with the carbon atoms on the target but also with $C_xH_y$ ions in the plasma on the substrate surface. It was seen from this experimental that the resistance of deposited film is decreased, and the relative intensity ratio of D to G peak is increased as nitrogen content of film deposition is increased.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.654-659
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 액상당밀을 외부탄소원으로 이용하는 탈질미생물 Pseudomonas sp. KY1의 탈질능력을 확인하고 최적의 C/N 비율을 도출하였다. 회분식 실험 결과, C/N 비율 3/1에서 $0.0263hr^{-1}$의 유사1차반응상수가 도출되었고, 이 비율에서 100 mg-N/L의 초기 질산성질소는 실험시작 후 약 100시간 이내에 약 80%의 제거율을 보였다. C/N 비율 3/1의 컬럼 실험에서 초기 질산성질소 농도 100 mg-N/L의 오염수(유속 0.3 mL/min)는 실험시작 후 172시간(35 PV) 이후부터 실험 종료 시(62 PV)까지 최대 95%의 탈질효율을 보였고, 이 비율에서 2차 오염원으로 작용할 수 있는 잔류당밀의 농도를 최소화(125~180 mg-COD/L) 할 수 있었다.