• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 1994

When at liver homogenates were incubated with 1mM $CCl_4$ for five min, glycogen level was decreased, while treatment with protein fraction $G_4$ increased the glycogen level. In addition $G_4$ inhibited the phosphorylation of 34 KD and 118 KD polypeptides induced by $CCl_4$. These protein were more strongly phosphorylated by $Ca^{2+}$/calmodulin-dependent kinase than by C-kinase. Since 34 KD polypeptide was solely phosphorylated by NaF (50mM), an inhibitor of both glycogen syntheses and phosphoprotein phosphates, it is inferred that 3 KD polypeptide is glycogen synthase-likd protein. Because glycogen synthesis is inhibited by phosphorylation of $Ca^{2+}$-dependent glycogen syntheses, it is suggested that $G_4$ increased liver glycogen level by inhibiting phosphorylation of 34 KD polypeptide which is thought to glycogen syntheses-like protein.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1991

Hairy root induced by A. rhizogenes from potato tuber (Solanm tuberosum L.) synthesized the agropine and mannopine which were demonstrated with paper electrophoresis. And the starch contents in hairy root were increased gradually following the developmental stage. But protein contents were decreased. The activity of ${\beta}-glucan$ synthetase II(GSII) which is related to the cell wall biosynthesis was stimulated in hairy root on the developmental stage. And chloropromazine did not influence the activity of GS II while verapamil inhibited about 60% of the activity GS II. Therefore, these results showed $Ca^{2+}$ to be effective factor in the cell wall formation. Isozyme pattern of peroxidase was investigated in the callus and hairy root induced from potato tuber.

• Mycobiology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 2020

During an investigation of the fungi from the Aspergillaceae family obtained from different environmental sources in Korea, we isolated six strains, including CNUFC WJC9-1, CNUFC BPM36-33, CNUFC MSW6, CNUFC ESW1, CNUFC TM6-2, and CNUFC WD17-1. The morphology and phylogeny of these isolates were analyzed based on their partial b-tubulin (BenA) and calmodulin (CaM) gene sequences. Based on the morphological characteristics and sequence analyses, the isolates CNUFC WJC9-1, CNUFC BPM36-33, CNUFC TM6-2, and CNUFC WD17-1 were identified as A. europaeus, A. pragensis, Penicillium fluviserpens, and P. scabrosum, respectively, and isolates CNUFC MSW6 and CNUFC ESW1 were identified as A. tennesseensis. To the best of our knowledge, the species A. europaeus, A. pragensis, A. tennesseensis, P. fluviserpens, and P. scabrosum have not been previously reported in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.1 s.57
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• pp.11-15
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• 1995

Serotonergic neurons in medulla oblongata play an important role in the endogenous descending pain inhibitory system. To illucidate the factors involved in the regulation of medullary serotonergic neurons, we studied the effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) and agents acting on various second messenger systems on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release from cultured neurons of rat fetal (gestational age 14th day) medulla oblongata. Cultured cells maintained for 10 days in vitro were stimulated for 48 hours with CCK or other neuropeptides at 10 micromolar concentration. CCK ($10{\mu}M$) and substance P ($10{\mu}M$) significantly increased. 5-HT release. However, somatostatin, proctolin, thyrotropin releasing hormone, and interleukin-6 did not have any effects on 5-HT release. Nimodipine ($1{\mu}M$), a calcium channel blocker, almost completely, and calmidazolium ($1{\mu}M$), a calmodulin antagonist, significantly inhibited the CCK-induced 5-HT release. The total 5-HT content (intracellular 5-HT plus released 5-HT) was significantly increased by CCK. However, the intracellular 5-HT content was not significantly changed by CCK. Forskolin ($5{\mu}M$), an adenylate cyclase activiator, but not $2{\mu}M$ phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator, significantly enhanced 5-HT release. The total 5-HT content (intracellular 5-HT plus released 5-HT) was significantly increased by forskolin. However, the intracellular 5-HT content was not significantly changed by forskolin. PMA had no effect on intracellular 5-HT levels. These results suggest that CCK regulates serotonergic neurons in the medulla oblongata by enhancing 5-HT secretion through calcium influx and caimodulin, and that cyclic AMP system but not protein kinase C system is involved in 5-HT release.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 1987

To determine the effect of calcium on the preimplantational development of mouse two-cell embryo, the various concentrations of calcium were added into the culture media and the rate of blastocyst formation was observed. Also, to examine the effect of trifluoperazine, an inhibitor of calmodulin which is involved in the several intracellular calcium functions, embryos were cultured for 48 hours at the various concentrations of this inhibitor. An additional 24 hour culture was done to examine the effect of this drug on the transformation from morula to blastocyst. The results are as following ; 1. About 1.71mM of extracellular calcium is adequate for blastocyst formation and the higher concentrations of calcium (3.43mM and 8.55mM) do not affect on the blastocyst formation and the degenerating rate. 2. Trifluoperazine $100{\mu}M$ presents the inhibitory effect on the blastocyst formation while $1{\mu}M$ and $10{\mu}M$ do not so. 3. After an additional 24 hour culture, there is transformation of morula to blastocyst and the degenerating rate of embryo is increased all together.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.156-160
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• 2009

The present study was undertaken to determine whether transgelin participates in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction and, if so, to investigate the mechanism. By PCR homology cloning, the cDNA sequence of ferret transgelin was determined and phosphorothioate antisense and random oligonucleotides were synthesized and introduced into strips of ferret aorta by a chemical loading procedure. Treatment of ferret aorta with transgelin antisense oligonucleotides resulted in a significant decrease in protein levels of transgelin to sham- or random sequence-loaded muscles, but no change in the protein levels of actin. Contraction in response to a phorbol ester was significantly decreased in antisense-treated muscles compared to sham- or random sequence-loaded controls. Neither basal intrinsic tone nor the contraction in response to phenylephrine was significantly affected by the antisense treatment. The data indicate that transgelin plays a significant role in the regulation of contraction and suggest that in a tonically active smooth muscle transgelin may function as a signalling protein to facilitate PKC or ERK-dependent signalling rather than thick filament regulation including $Ca^{2+}$ or calmodulin dependent regulation of myosin light chain kinase.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.175-185
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• 2020

Penicillium in section Exilicaulis is characterized by non-vesiculate monoverticillate and biverticillate stipes. Species in sect. Exilicaulis are commonly found in soil and plants in terrestrial environments; however, only a few species have been reported in Korea. To investigate the diversity of Penicillium sect. Exilicaulis, Penicillium species were isolated from terrestrial and marine environments. Based on sequence analyses of β-tubulin, calmodulin, and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II loci, 19 strains of Penicillium in sect. Exilicaulis were identified as P. citreonigrum, P. citreosulfuratum, P. corylophilum, P. menonorum, P. rubefaciens, P. velutinum, Penicillium sp. 1, and Penicillium sp. 2. Two of them, P. citreonigrum and P. citreosulfuratum, were confirmed to be new to Korea. Molecular phylogenies and detailed descriptions of the two unrecorded species are provided.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2016

Coastal plant species Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze native to the Dokdo islands was sampled and then 17 endophytic fungi were purely isolated based on morphological differences. The fungal isolates were characterized by their growth properties under NaCl concentration or pH gradient. Culture filtrates of the 17 fungal isolates were treated to Waito-c rice (WR) seedlings for verifying plant growth-promoting activity. As the results, YH103 strain showed the highest plant growth-promoting activity among them. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates was done by the maximum likelihood method based on partial internal transcribed spacer region (ITS region: contaning ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2), beta-tubulin (BenA), and calmodulin (CaM) gene sequences. Chromatographic analysis of the strain YH103 culture filtrate showed the existence of gibberellins ($GA_4$, $GA_7$, $GA_8$, and $GA_{19}$). Finally, the strain YH103 was identified as Aspergillus tubingensis by microscopic observation and molecular analysis and, to our knowledge, this is the first report of GAs producing A. tubingensis.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 1989

Enzymatic methylation of arginine and lysine residues of several cytochrome c and lysine residue of calmodulin always resulted in lowering of their respective isoelectric points (pI). Employing cytochromes c derived from various sources, we examined a possible relationship between the degree of amino acid sequence degeneracy and the magnitude of change in the pI values by enzymatic methylation, and found that there was no correlation between these two parameters. By constructing space-filling models of oligopeptide fragments adjacent to the potential methylation sites, we have noted that not all the methylatable residues are able to form hydrogen bonds prior to the methylation. Two preparations of yeast apocytochrome c, one chemically prepared by removing heme from holocytochrome c and the other by translating yeast iso-1-cytochrome c mRNA in vitro, exhibited slightly higher Stokes radii than the homologous holocytochrome c, indicating relatively 'relaxed or open' conformation of the protein. However, when the in vitro synthesized methylated apocytochrome c was compared with the unmethylated counter-part, the Stokes radius of the latter was found to be larger.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.184-184
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• 1996

Nitric Oxide Synthase(NO synthase: EC.1.14.13.39)는 생체내에서 L-arginine을 기질로 하여 nitric oxide(NO)와 L-citrulline의 생성을 매개하는 효소로서 뇌, 간장, 신장, 체장등 대부분의 주요장기와 근육세포, 신경세포 등 거의 모든 조직에 분포하고 있다. NO synthase에 의해 생성되는 NO는 혈관이완작용, 신경전달 물질로서의 작용, 면역 담당세포에서의 세포 독작용 등 많은 생리현상에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 특히 체장에서는 췌외분비 기능의 항진에 있어 세포내 cGMP level의 변동이 NO와 연관된다는 사실에 주목하고 있으며 본연구실에서도 이에 관한 연구가 진행중이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 소 췌조직의 100,000$\times$g cytosol을 효소원으로 하여 다음과 같이 NO synthase의 분리, 정제를 시행하였다. Ammonium sulfate로 30%(176g solid ammonium sulfate/$\ell$) 포화, 침전 후 2',5'-ADP agarose 및 calmodulin-agarose affinity chromatography를 연속적으로 시행하여 NO synthase를 분리하였으며 electrophoresis상에서 약 160kd의 분자량을 나타내었다.