• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.125-131
• /
• 2011

The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of porcine group A rotavirus, group C rotavirus and calicivirus from the 46 pig farms located in Incheon area. Group A rotavirus was detected in 16 (5.3%) from 8 farms (17.4%), and group C rotavirus was determined in 17 samples (5.7%) from 6 farms (13.0%). Porcine calicivirus was also detected in fecal samples [11 samples (3.7%) from 2 farms (4.3%)]. Correlation analysis was carried out among porcine enteric viruses and clinical signs, herd size and temperature on the basis of these results. The occurrence of porcine group A rotavirus, group C rotavirus and calicivirus infections in Incheon area was not associated with season and temperature. Especially, group C rotavirus was also detected in the pigs without any clinical symptoms.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.130-136
• /
• 2010

Norovirus (NV) is becoming a major cause of foodborne illness in many countries. At present, very little is known about the survival of NV in the environment or the disinfection procedures needed to remove NV from contaminated surfaces. Feline calicivirus (FCV, $1{\times}10^{6.75}\;TCID_{50}/mL$) was used as a surrogate model for NV to investigate the effectiveness of sanitizing treatments for the viruses attached to food and food contact surfaces. Ammonium chloride (2%), organic acids (3000 ppm), and ethanol (70%) were most effective, providing $4\;log_{10}$ (99.99%) reductions in FCV titers on food or food contact surfaces. The disinfection efficacies of most agents on ceramic and glass surfaces were greater than stainless steel. The results from this study can be applied in the food industry to reduce NV-associated foodborne illnesses.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.445-448
• /
• 2015

A 5 month old Korean domestic short haired male kitten (weighing 1.7 kg) was presented with primary complaints of upper respiratory disease (URD) signs and skin ulceration and edema on face, feet and footpad with lameness. Diagnostic test revealed leukopenia, lymphopenia, pancreatitis and feline calicivirus (FCV) infection. Diagnosis of virulent systemic FCV (VS-FCV) was made on clinical signs, isolation of calicivirus via PCR and exclusion of other causes of acute upper respiratory disease. Therapeutic strategies were directed to lessen URD signs and to treat secondary bacterial infection and antiviral infection. One month after this therapy, skin lesions on face and feet and URD signs were much improved, although the lameness persisted mildly. To author's best knowledge, this is the first case reporting VS-FCV infection in a kitten in Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.19 no.7
• /
• pp.928-933
• /
• 2009

In an effort to discover an antiviral substance against noroviruse (NV), which causes gastroenteritis illness world-wide, several plants including spices and herbs were evaluated for their antiviral activities against feline calicivirus (FCV) as a surrogate for NV. Among them, methanolic extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) exhibited significant antiviral activity against FCV. After treatment with green tea extract (3.13 mg/ml) for 1 hr, FCV was completely inactivated. The antiviral activity of green tea extract against FCV was also determined to be dose and time- dependent. The results obtained in this study suggested that green tea will be effective in the prevention of food-borne diseases caused by NV.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.92.1-92.8
• /
• 2022

Background: Feline calicivirus (FCV) is widespread throughout the world. An FCV infection is associated with conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and mouth ulcers that can lead to the animal's death. Because vaccination is not always effective, it is necessary to monitor the infection regularly. Objectives: This study examined the FCV epizootic situation in the Moscow metropolitan area by conducting a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the virus isolates. Methods: Samples from 6213 animals were examined by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. For phylogenetic analysis, 12 nucleotide sequences obtained from animal samples were selected. Sequencing was performed using the Sanger method. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the Maximum Likelihood method. Results: The FCV genome was detected in 1,596 (25.7%) samples out of 6,213. In 2018, calicivirus was detected in 18.9% of samples, 27.8% in 2019, 21.4% in 2020, and 32.6% in 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of the F ORF2 region and the ORF3 start region led to division into two FCV genogroups. Most of the isolates (8 out of 12) were close to the Chinese strains. On the other hand, there were isolates closely related to European and American strains. The isolates circulating in Moscow were not included in clusters with vaccine strains; their nucleotide similarity varied from 77% to 83%. Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence and genetic diversity of the FCV in Moscow. The epizootic situation remains stably tense because 24 viruses were detected in 25% of animals annually.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.155-158
• /
• 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of Phaeophyta extracts against feline calicivirus (FCV), used as a norovirus surrogate. A bioassay-guided cytotoxicity and virus infectivity assay revealed that methanolic extracts of Phaeophyta possessed significant antiviral activity against FCV. Among them, Eisenia bicyclis extract exhibited the highest antiviral activity against FCV. The 50% effective concentration of the extract ($EC_{50}$) inhibiting FCV viral replication by 50% was $80{\mu}g/mL$. The extract also showed the highest selectivity index, calculated from the ratio of the median cellular cytotoxicity concentration ($CC_{50}$) and $EC_{50}$, indicating antiviral efficacy against FCV. In addition, significant interruption of FCV infection was observed by pretreatment of host Crandall-Reese feline kidney cells with the E. bicyclis extract ($200{\mu}g/mL$) prior to virus infection, in a dosedependent manner.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.32.1-32.8
• /
• 2021

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly infectious pathogen in cats and widely distributed worldwide with high genetic variation. Full-length open reading frame 2 of 5 from recently isolated Korean FCV isolates were sequenced and compared with those of global isolates. The results of phylogenetic analysis supported dividing global FCV isolates into two genogroups (type I and II) and demonstrated the presence of genogroup II in Korea, indicating their geographic spread in East Asia. High sequence variations in region E of the FCV isolates emphasizes that a novel vaccine needs to be developed to induce protective immunity against various FCV strains.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
• /
• 1999.10b
• /
• pp.247.2-247
• /
• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.925-930
• /
• 2008

Norovirus has become the most common cause of human gastroenteritis in developed countries. Detection procedures of foodborne viruses from foods require several steps. The concentration step using polyethylene glycol (PEG) is time-consuming and the detection efficiency of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is affected by inhibitors from food components. In this study, a rapid detection method based on buoyant density centrifugation was developed to replace the time-consuming chloroform-polyethylene glycol-Tris Tween method. Feline calicivirus that belongs to the family Caliciviridae was used as a surrogate model for norovirus. After artificial inoculation of feline calcivirus (FCV) to oyster and lettuce, 830 ${\mu}L$ of homogenized sample suspension was layered on the top of 670 ${\mu}L$ 20% percoll and centrifuged. Then RNA extraction step was proceeded with the supernatant. By varying several physical conditions, the detection limits were lowered to $2.4{\times}10^2$ PFU per 1 g in oyster and $2.4{\times}10^0$ PFU per 1 g in lettuce. The protocol obtained in this study could be used to develop new detection method for norovirus in foods.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.429-435
• /
• 2011

Korean red ginseng has been studied various biological activities such as immune, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, and anticancer activities but antiviral mechanism needs further studies. In this study, we aimed to examine the antiviral effects of Korea red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on norovirus surrogate, including murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). We evaluated the pre-, co-, and post-treatment effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG), ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$. To measure the antiviral effect and cytotoxicity of KRG extract, and ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$, we treated Crandell-Reese Feline Kidney for FCV or RAW264.7 cells for MNV with concentrations of 0, 5, 6.7, 10, 20 ug/mL total saponin. There was cytotoxic effect in the highest concentration 20 ug/mL of KRG extract so this concentration was excluded in this study. The FCV titer was significantly reduced to 0.23-0.83 $log_{10}$ 50% tissue culture infectious dose ($TCID_{50}$)/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. The titer of MNV was significantly reduced to 0.37-1.48 $log_{10}$ $TCID_{50}$/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. However, there was no observed antiviral effect in groups co-treated or post-treated with KRG and its constituents. Our data suggest that KRG extract has an antiviral effect against norovirus surrogates. The antiviral mechanisms of KRG and ginsenosides should be addressed in future studies.