• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.329-332
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• 2022

In this paper, retention characteristics of lateral charge migration according to parameters of 3D NAND flash memory to which ferroelectric (HfO₂) structure is applied and ∆V_th were analyzed. The larger the P_s, the greater maximum polarization possible in ferroelectric during Programming. Therefore, the initial V_th increases by about 1.04V difference at P_s 70µC/cm² than at P_s 25µC/cm². Also, electrons trapped after the Program operation causes lateral charge migration over time. Since ferroelectric maintains polarization without applying voltage to the gate after Programming, regardless of P_s value, polarization increases as P_r increases and the ∆V_th due to lateral charge migration becomes smaller by about 1.54V difference at P_r 50µC/cm² than P_r 5µC/cm².

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.280-290
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• 2003

The incorporation of RAPD markers into the previous classical and RFLP genetic linkage maps will facilitate the generation of a detailed genetic map by compensating for the lack of one type of marker in the region of interest. The objective of this paper was to present features we observed when we associated RAPD map from an intraspecific cross of a Glycine max$\times$G. max, 'Essex'$\times$PI 437654 with the public RFLP map developed from an interspecific cross of G. max$\times$G. soja. Among 27 linkage groups of RAPD map, eight linkage groups contained probe/enzyme combination RFLP markers, which allowed us the incorporation of RAPD markers into the public RFLP map. Map position rearrangement was observed. In incorporating L.G.C-3 into the public RFLP linkage group a1 and a2, both pSAC3 and pA136 region, and pA170/EcoRV and pB170/HindIII region were in opposite order, respectively. And, pk400 was localized 1.8 cM from pA96-1 and 8.4 cM from pB172 in the public RFLP map, but was localized 9.9 cM from i locus and 18.9 cM from pA85 in our study. A noticeable expansion of the map distances in the intraspecific cross of Essex and PI 437654 was also observed. Map distance between probes pA890 and pK493 in L.G.C-1 was 48.6 cM, but it was only 13.3 cM in the public RFLP map. The distances from the probe pB32-2 to pA670 and from pA670 to pA668 in L.G. C-2 were 50.9 cM and 31.7 cM, but they were 35.9 cM and 13.5 cM in the public RFLP map. The detection of duplicate loci from the same probe that were mapped on the same or/and different linkage group was another feature we observed.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2003

In the intestinal mucosa, mast cells are thought to be responsible for the expulsion of parasites. We investigated the relationship of worm expulsion and mast cells in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice infected with Echinostoma hortense. In addition, we examined whether the worm recovery rate was associated with the strain of mice, and whether a toluidine stain and immunohistochemistry using the c-kit antibody was effective in the detection of mast cells. In order to investigate the mucosal immune response of C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice, each mouse was infected orally with 30 E. hortense metacercariae. Then, the number of mucosal mast cells and worm recovery rates was observed in experimentally infected mouse strains between 1 week and 8 weeks post infection (PI). Mucosal mast cells were increased in 3 weeks P.I. in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice. On the other hand, only mucosal goblet cells and worm recovery rates correlated in C3H/HeN mice (P=0.0482). Worm recoveries in C3H/HeN mice were 65.7$\pm$5.6, 53.3$\pm$5.4 and 6.7$\pm$0.6 in week 1, 2, and 3 P.I. and strongly decreased in week 3 P.I. Worm recoveries in BALB/c mice were 23.0$\pm$2.5, 10.0$\pm$1.0, and 6.7$\pm$0.6% in week 1, 2, and 3 P.I. and gradually decreased from week 1 P.I. to week 3 P.I. Worm recoveries in C3H/HeN mice were significantly higher than in BALB/c mice (P<0.00l). The number of mast cells in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice using the anti-c-kit antibody reached to a peak in week 3 P.I. and recovered as normal level in week 5 P.I. and 6 P.I. The number in E. hortense-infected C3H/HeN mice (P=0.0015) was higher than in E. hortense-infected BALB/c mice (P=0.01) compared with the control group. There were significant differences in the number of mast cells among regions of the intestine in in C3H/HeN mice (P<0.05) but not in BALB/c mice (P>0.05). Immunohistochemistry using the anti-c-kit antibody was significant method as an examination of the number of mast cells (P=0.0002). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that mast cells play an important role in worm recovery, and immunohistochemistry using the anti-c-kit antibody was superior to toluidine stain as an examination of mast cells.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.42-51
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• 2004

Peat humin(p-Humin), humic acid(p-HA) and fulvic acid(p-FA) were isolated from Canadian Sphagnum peat moss by dissolution in 0.1M NaOH followed by acid precipitation. After purification cycles, they are characterized for their elemental compositions and, acid/base properties. Functionalities and carbon structures of the humic fractions were also characterized using FT-IR and solid state $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy. Those results are compared with one another and with soil humic substances from literatures. Main purpose of this study was to present a chemical and spectroscopic characterization data of humic substance from peat moss needed to evaluate its environmental applicability. The relative proportions of the p-Humin, p-HA and p-FA in the peat moss was $76\%,\;18\%,\;and\;3\%$, respectively, based on the total organic matter content ($957{\pm}32\;g/kg$). Elemental composition of p-Humin were found to be $C_{1.00}H_{1.52}O_{0.79}N_{0.01}$ and had higher H/C and (N+O)/C ratio compared to those of p-HA($C_{1.00}H_{1.09}O_{0.51}N_{0.02}$) and p-FA($C_{1.00}H_{1.08}O_{0.65}N_{0.01}$). Based on the analysis of pH titration data, there are two different types of acidic functional groups in the peat moss and its humic fractions and their proton exchange capacities(PEC, meq/g) were in the order p-FA(4.91) >p-HA(4.09) >p-Humin(2.38). IR spectroscopic results showed that the functionalities of the peat moss humic molecules are similar to those of soil humic substances, and carboxylic acid(-COOH) is main function group providing metal binding sites for Cd(II) sorption. Spectral features obtained from $^{13}C$-NMR indicated that peat moss humic molecules have rather lower degree of humification, and that important structural differences exist between p-Humin and soluble humic fractions(p-HA and p-FA).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 1991

Escherichia coli/Corynebacterium glutamicum shuttle vectors, pECCG1 and pECCG2 were constructed by joining a 3.00 kb cryptic plasmid pCB 1 from C. glutamicum and a 3.94 kb plasmid pACYC 177 from E. coli. By trimming unessential parts and introducing mulitiple cloning site into the plasmid pECCG 1, a plasmid pECCG122(5.1kb) was constructed. All the shuttle vectors were stably maintained in C. glutamicum up to about 40 generations irrespective of kanamycin addition in the medium. Threonine operon (homoserine dehydrogenase/homoserine kinase) and dapA gene (dihydrodipicolinate synthetase) of C. glutamicum were cloned into the plasmid pECCG122, and the resultant plasmids were designated pTN31 and pDHDP19, respectively. They were used to study the effect of cloned foreign gene on the stability of the plasmid pECCG122. Plasmids pTN31 and pDHDP19 were segregated rapidly from C. glutamicum when cultured in the medium without kanamycin. In medium with $50\mu${\g/ml} of kanamycin, their segregation rates were much slower than those in medium without kanamycin, but the danamycin addition didn't guarantee the complete maintenance of the plasmids in C. glutamicum.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.158-167
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• 1998

Hot restoration mechanism flow stress and stain of the Al2024 composites reinforced with 1,8,15,36, and $44{\mu}m\;SiC_p$(10 vol. %) were studied by hot torsion tests. The hot restoration mechanism of all the composites was found to be dynamic recrystallization(DRX) at $320^{\circ}C$ while that of the composites reinforced with 1 and $8{\mu}m\;SiC_p$ was found to be dynamic recovery(DRX) at $480^{\circ}C$. It was found that the Al2024 composite with $15{\mu}m\;SiC_p$ showed the highest flow stress(${\sim}$223 MPa) at $320^{\circ}C$ under a strain rate of 1.0/sec. Also the highest flow strain of the composites was obtained at $430^{\circ}C$. The com-posites reinforced with 1 and $8{\mu}m\;SiC_p$ showed lower flow stress and higher flow strain at $480^{\circ}C$ than those of the composites reinforced with 15, 36, and $44\;{\mu}m\;SiC_p$ These result were discussed in relation to the transition of the hot restoration mechanism. $DRX{\leftrightarrow}DRV$. The dependence of flow stress on strain rate and temperature was attempted to fit with the hyperbolic sine equation ($\dot{\varepsilon}=A[sinh({\alpha}{\cdot}{\sigma}_p]^n$ exp(-Q/RT)and Zener-Hollomon parameter($Z=\;\dot{\varepsilon}\;exp(Q/RT))$.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate the correlation between the expression rate of p53 and p21 proteins, c-erbB-2 oncoprotein and $TGF-{\beta}1$ and tumor prognostic factors in colon cancer including the tumor size, histological differentiation and Dukes' stage. The expression rate of p53 protein was 11.4% (4 cases) at well differentiation, 48.6% (17 cases) at moderately differentiation, and 17.1% (6 cases) at poorly differentiation. In other words, the poorer differentiation, the higher the expression rate of p53 protein (P<0.05). The expression rate of p21 protein was 17.1% (6 cases) at well differentiation, 40.0% (14 cases) at moderately differentiation, and 8.6% (3 cases) at poorly differentiation, indicating that, as the histological malignant degeneration progressed, the expression rate of p21 protein decreased distinctively (P<0.05). However, the correlation of the above mentioned proteins with tumor size and Dukes' stage was not recognized. The expression rate of c-cerbB-2 oncoprotein was 11.4% (4 cases) at well differentiation, 54.3% (19 cases) at moderately differentiation, and 17.1% (6 cases) at poorly differentiation, indicating that the poorer differentiation, the higher expression rate of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein (P<0.05). The expression rate of $TGF-{\beta}1$ was 17.1% (6 cases) at well differentiation, 48.6% (17 cases) at moderately differentiation, and 11.4% (4 cases) at poorly differentiation. As Dukes' stage progressed, the expression rate of $TGF-{\beta}1$ was 8.6% (3 cases) in stage A, 20.0% (7 cases) in stage B, 37.1 % (13 cases) in stage C, and 11.4% (4 cases) in stage D. There was a difference in expression rates between Dukes' stages (P<0.05). In 10 cases, p53 protein was positive while p21 protein was negative, and in 6 cases, p53 protein was negative whereas p21 was positive (P<0.05). Therefore, a statistically significant inverse correlation between the expression rate of p53 protein and that of p21 protein was observed. In conclusion, since there was a signigicant correlation between histological differentiation of colon cancer and the expressions of p53 and p21 proteins and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, and between Dukes' stage and the expression of $TGF-{\beta}1$, it was conformed that the overexpression of p53 and p21 proteins, c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, and $TGF-{\beta}1$ is closely associated with the occurrence of colon cancer and its progress. Accordingly, this study may be greatly beneficial to the presumption of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of colon cancer patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8725-8734
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• 2014

The transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ (TGF-${\beta}1$) gene 29 T/C polymorphism is thought to be associated with breast cancer risk. However, reports are largely conflicting and underpowered. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of all available case-control studies relating the TGF-${\beta}1$ 29T/C polymorphism to the risk of developing breast cancer by including a total of 31 articles involving 24,021 cases and 31,820 controls. Pooled ORs were generated for the allele contrasts, with additive genetic, dominant genetic and recessive genetic models. Subgroup analysis was also performed by ethnicity for the TGF-${\beta}1$ 29T/C polymorphism. No association was found in the overall analysis (C vs T: OR=1.028, 95% CI=0.949-1.114, p-value 0.500; CC vs TC: OR= 1.022, 95% CI=0.963-1.085, p-value 0.478; CC vs TT: OR= 1.054, 95% CI=0.898-1.236, p-value 0.522; CC vs TT+ TC: OR= 1.031, 95% CI=0.946-1.124, p-value 0.482; TT vs CC+TC: OR= 0.945, 95% CI=0.827-1.080, p-value 0.403). Similarly, in the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, no association was found in Caucasian (C vs T: OR= 1.041, 95% CI=0.932-1.162, p-value 0.475; CC vs TC: OR= 1.031, 95% CI=0.951-1.118, p-value 0.464; CC vs TT: OR= 1.081, 95% CI=0.865-1.351, p-value 0.493; CC vs TT+TC: OR= 1.047, 95% CI=0.929-1.180, p-value 0.453; TT vs CC+TC: OR= 0.929, 95% CI=0.775-1.114, p-value 0.429;) and Asian populations (C vs T: OR= 1.004, 95% CI=0.908-1.111, p-value 0.931; CC vs TC: OR= 0.991, 95% CI=0.896-1.097, p-value 0.865; CC vs TT: OR= 1.015, 95% CI=0.848-1.214, p-value 0.871; CC vs TT+TC: OR= 1.000, 95% CI=0.909-1.101, p-value 0.994; TT vs CC+TC: OR= 0.967, 95% CI=0.808-1.159, p-value 0.720;). No evidence of publication bias was detected during the analysis. No significant association with breast cancer risk was demonstrated overall or on subgroup (Caucasian and Asian) analysis. It can be concluded that TGF-${\beta}1$ 29T/C polymorphism does not play a role in breast cancer susceptibility in overall or ethnicity-specific manner.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.266-270
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• 1998

The identification of soil P level that exceed crop requirement is a prerequisite in implementing sustainable management of fertilizer and manure P to prevent soil and freshwater from contamination. To investigate the relationship between 0.01M $CaCl_2$ soluble P, and available P and P sorption capacity of 40 soils, P content and P sorptivity were analyzed. Single linear relationship revealed the dependence of 0.01M $CaCl_2-P$ on available P($r^2=0.479$), bioavailable P($r^2=0.281$), P sorption($r^2=-0.465$) and P absorption coefficient($r^2=-0.056^{NS}$). Thus available P as $P_2O_5$(AVP) and P sorption (PS) were most important factors in determining the concentration of 0.01M $CaC1_2-P$($CaC1_2-P$). In multinomial equation related $CaC1_2-P$ with AVP and PS, the determination coefficient was improved to 0.745. The logarithm of $CaC1_2-P$ was linearly related to AVP/PS. Consequently, the equation, $0.01M\;CaCl_2-P=0.1284e^{0.3288AVP/PS}$ could be suggested to estimate the concentration of P in 20mL of 0.01M $CaCl_2$ solution containing 2g of soil shaken for 17 hours.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1248-1255
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the fatty acid composition in Nellore cows supplemented with either linseed (n-3) or canola grains (n-6 and n-9). Fifteen Nellore cows, aged five years and bodyweight 550 kg${\pm}$48 kg, were randomly distributed to the following treatments: CON (control), LIN (linseed) and CAN (canola grains). The cows were fed for 80 days. The concentrations of C18:0, C18:2 n-6 and C20:3 n-6 fatty acid were higher (p<0.10) in CON blood plasma in comparison to follicular liquid. Likewise, PUFA, n-6 contents, PUFA:SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. On the other hand, C18:1 n-9, C22:5 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C18:0, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C22:5 n-3, PUFA, n-6, n-3 contents and PUFA:SFA ratio were higher (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma than in the follicular liquid. Nevertheless, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 n-7, PUFA, C16:0, C18:1 n-9 and MUFA contents were lower (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma. On treatment CAN, the C18:0 and SFA contents, and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. However, C20:3 n-6, C22:5 n-3, PUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C16:0, C18:0, PUFA, SFA contents and PUFA:SFA ratio did not differ (p>0.10) among the treatments. C14:0, C16:1 n-7, C18:2 n-6 and n-6 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CON and CAN than LIN. C17:1 n-7, C20:4 n-6 and C 22:0 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CAN than CON and LIN. C18:1 n-9, C18:3 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were higher (p<0.10) for LIN and CAN than CON. C20:3 n-6 content and n-6:n-3 ratio were higher (p<0.10) for CON than LIN and CAN. C22:5 n-3 content were higher (p<0.10) for CON and LIN than CAN. The concentrations of fatty acids in blood plasma and follicular liquid were not correlated for any fatty acid, independent of the treatment studied. Canola grain added to the diet of Nellore cows resulted in increased concentrations of fatty acids n-6 and n-3 in follicular liquid.