• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1291-1302
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• 2020

To verify the field-effectiveness of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), a terrestrial LiDAR was deployed to examine the damage properties of woods in forest fire area, then the data was compared with the results surveyed by a forestry expert. Four sample plots (30 m × 50 m, 0.15 ha) were set from the foot to the top of the mountain, and DBH, height, clear length, burned height, and crown length were investigated. Next, TLS collected information on damage characteristics found in the sample plots. This information was then compared with that amassed by the expert. The expert and the TLS survey results showed 30.8 cm and 29.9 cm for DBH, 15.8 m and 17.5 m for tree height, 8.4 m and 8.4 m for clear length, 4.0 m, 3.5 m for burned height, and 7.4 cm and 9.1 cm for crown length. With the exceptions of height and clear length, no notable discrepancy was observed between two methods. H/D ratio, CL/H ratio, and BH/CL ratio, all of which contribute to stability and decay rate of the stand, from the two methods were also compared. The human survey rated each ratio (H/D, CL/H, BH/CL in order) 51.3%, 47.1%, and 53.6%, while the TLS presented the results of 58.8%, 52.0%, and 38.7%.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.321-324
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• 2008

Forest fire danger rate of thinning area was lower than that of non thinning area, because height rate of leewardside in burned stem of tree, damage rate of crown and mortality of tree in thinning area were 30.8%, 37% and 48.4% lower than that in non-thinning area, respectively. Intensity of forest fire varied depending upon topographical condition up slope, down slope, aspect, location as well as species, breast height diameter and forest tree density. Especially, a mountaintop area was burned down when forest fire was spread to up slope ridge of mountain.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1999

This study was carried out to estimate the area of damaged forest and the volume of stand tree in burned area, Mt. Weol-A in eastern Chinju, Korea using digital maps derived from supervised classification of Landsat thematic mapper(TM) imagery as reference data. Criterion laser estimator and WinDENDRO$^{tm}$(v. 6.3b) system as a computer-aided tree ring measuring system were used to measure a volume and age of sampled tree. The sample site had been chosen in unburned areas having the same terrain condition and forest type of burned areas. The tree age, diameter at breast height, tree height and volume of the sample tree selected from sample site in unburned area were 27years, 20.9cm, 9.7m and $0.1396m^3$ respectively. Total stand volume of sample site was estimated $2.9316m^3$/0.04ha, Damaged stand volume evaluated to about $16,007m^3$ in the burned area of 218.4ha.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2004

We developed the estimation model for the vegetation developmental processes on the severely burned slope areas after forest fire in the east coastal region, Korea. And we calculated the vegetation indices as a useful parameter for the development of land management technique in the burned area and suggested the changes of the vegetation indices after forest fire. In order to estimate the woody standing biomass in the burned area, allometric equations of the 17 woody species regenerated by sprouter were investigated. According to the our results, twenty year after forest fire need for the development to the normal forest formed by 4 stratum structure, tree, sub-tree, shrub and herb layer. The height of top vegetation layer, basal area and standing biomass of woody species show a tendency to increase linearly, and the ground vegetation coverage and litter layer show a tendency to increase logarithmically after forest fire. Among vegetation indices, Ive and Ivcd show a tendency to increase logarithmically, and Hcl and Hcdl show a tendency to increase linearly after forest fire. The spatial variation of the most vegetation factors was observed in the developmental stages less than the first 5 years which were estimated secondary disaster by soil erosion after forest fire. Among vegetation indices, Ivc and Ivcd were the good indices for the representation of the spatial heterogeneity in the earlier developmental stages, and Hcl and Hcdl were the useful indices for the long-term estimation of the vegetation development after forest fire.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.83-95
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• 2013

To understand natural regeneration and stand development after fire in mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests of Sikhote-Alin Mountains, ten sample plots of $50m{\times}50m$ size were established in 1975 and 1983 at the stands burned by wildfires in 1973 and 1982, respectively. And, the number of naturally regenerated seedlings were monitored in two $50m{\times}4m$ subplots in each plot. The most fire-sensitive conifer species is Abies nephrolepis, while Betula costata is the most fire-sensitive broadleaved tree species. The most fire-resistant species were Q. mongolica, T. taquetii and A. mono. The results of 20 and 30 years after the fire showed that pioneer tree species, e.g. Populus, Salix, and Betula, were regenerated immediately at the early stage of stand development and grew where there is a mono canopy layer with high density. On the other hand, the densities of successors, e.g. Pinus koraiensis, Picea jezoensis, Abies nephrolepis, Acer mono and Tilia taquetii, which were present in the study plots before the fire, increased gradually. Naturally regenerated tree species after forest fire by the growth rate were divided into three groups according to their annual height growth. The seral tree species (Betula costata, Betula platyphylla, Padus maackii, Populus tremula and Sarix caprea) belong to the first group and have the highest growth rate (from 40 to 96 cm per year). The late successional broad-leaved trees (Tilia taquetii, Acer mono and Quercus mongolica) belong to the second group and have intermediate annual height growth (from 3.7 to 13.5 cm per year). The late successional coniferous species (Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis) form the third group and have the least annual height growth (from 1.4 to 3.5 cm per year).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2003

The study of the scars formed on the bark of pine trees damaged by forest fire was carried out in the burned area of Samchuk and Donghae in 2000. Fire scars were formed on the bark of trees when fire passed by the tree. Fire scarring is usually found on the windward and leeward sides of the tree. Fire spread was analyzed topographically using the fire scars formed at the tree stem. Fire spread was closely related to the shape, slope and direction of the forestland. Four fire direction types are classified according to the shapes of the forestland. The height of the fire scar was higher on the leeward side than on the windward side of the trees studied. The burnt area of the total bark of the tree was over 30% in dead trees and below 12% in living trees. The regression model of the burnt stem area using the height of the fire scar, the diameter of breast height and the height of tree was Y=-2.484${\times}$Height＋0.04199${\times}$D.B.H-1.686${\times}$Windward＋11.172${\times}$Leeward＋23.432(r=0.936, F=409.968, P＞0.0001).

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.174-182
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• 2011

With the reactor operation conditions - 4.3 wt% $^{235}U$ initial enrichment, burn-up 55,000 MWd/MTU, average power 34 MW/MTU for three periods burned time for 539.2 days per period and cooling time for 100 hours after shut down, to set up the condition to determine the minimum height (depth) of spent fuel storage pool to shut off the radiation out of the spent fuel storage pool and to store spent fuels safely, the dose rate on the specific position directed to the surface of spent fuel storage pool induced by the neutron and gamma-ray from spent fuels are evaluated. The length of spent fuel is 381 cm, and as the result of evaluation on each position from the top of spent fuel to the surface of spent fuel storage pool, it is difficult for neutrons from spent fuels to pass through the water layer of maximum 219 cm (600 cm from the floor of spent fuel storage pool) and 419 cm (800 cm from the floor of spent fuel storage pool) for gamma-ray. Therefore, neutron and gamma-ray from spent fuels can pass through below 419 cm (800 cm from the floor) water layer directed to the surface of spent fuel storage pool.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.260-270
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• 2011

This study was carried out to examine the effect of rice bran, barley bran, burned rice bran, and burned barley bran on the growth and yield of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler), taro (Colocasia esculenta), and weed control. When the above 4 brans were examined 13, 27, 41 and 57 days respectively after application, the plant height of Chinese chive applied with burned barley bran was significantly higher than non-treated control, whereas the other brans did not have any distinct effect on the plant height or population number of Chinese chive. However, when examined 57 days after the application of the above 4 brans, all the plants applied with brans showed more than twice the improvement in shoot fresh weight compared with non-treated control. A chemical analysis of soil 57 days after the application of the above 4 brans showed that the soils were richer in available phosphate and organic matter. Shoot fresh weight of Chinese chive at 2 weeks after cutting was significantly higher in barely bran treated plot than in non-treated plot. In the case of taro, only taro plots transplanted when 10 cm tall and applied with barley bran showed an improvement in growth increment of both the underground and above parts. However, when sowed seeds after the application of the 4 brans, the yield of taro was reduced by the brans. Thus this research indicates that the effect of brans is differ based on the amount of bran application as well as crops. The effect of weed control on Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria clliaris, Chenopodium album, and Solanum nigrum as affected by brans was very low in pot conditions. Weed efficacy of the brans was also very low in field conditions. Growth of Chinese cabbage and garland chrysanthemum was inhibited 63% and 37% by rice bran at $4,000kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, but other crops such as maize, squash, cucumber, and Chinese chive were inhibited by 0-20%. These results were similar to that of barley bran except for Chinese cabbage.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.222-228
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the natural succession process after forest fire by comparing height, relative growth rates in height (RGH), and tree density of pine seedlings with different fire severity. In the area damaged by surface fire, tree density was highest during the first 5 years after fire. However, in the area damaged by crown fire, tree density rapidly increased during first 5 years after fire. Pine seedlings were found only on the place with ridges, barren soil, and the aspect of north. Annual height growth of pine seedlings was decreased with time in all study sites. The empty space in pine stands gradually decreased by the invasion of Quercus species. The forest fire altered the pine forest into oak forest rapidly. In contrast, pine seedlings invaded steadily on the oak forest in the rocky area or the area with ridges.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1971

Ecological studies on the effect of an accidental fire on the composition of the post-fire vegetation in relation to the productivity system were made at the burned site on Mt. Samak located at Duckduwon-Ri, Sumyun, Chun Sung-Kun, Kangwon-Do, the same plots used in the previous study carried out in 1967. The result are summarized as follows. 1. In the productivity system, the standing crop measured was as follows; Carex Lanceolata var. Nana, Miscanthus purpurscens etc. were contained in the herbs and their individual number was larger than that of the woody plants. (Table 1). In the woody plants, Quercus Acutissima was the most abundant, showing larger number of tree than Quercus dentata. The S.D.R. value of the family Poaceae was the highest among the herbs and in the test plots, it was 4 times larger in number than in the controlled plots. (Table 3, Fig. 4, 5). 2. In the unburned sities, 5 dominant species were selected and by calculating their S.D.R., it was shown that woody plants, S.D.R. is 4.43 while it is 11.52 with herbs. (Table 4, Fig. 6). 3. When making comparisons with the standing crop on the higher around, it was found that the test plots had 522.45 gm more than the controlled and 1470. 53gm more than those on lower ground. These results were considered to indicate that high temperature caused by fire resulted in the increase of germination rate of seeds as it was seen in the previous study and it further stimulate the growth of the perennial plants. (Table 6, 7) 4. In the number of species, the standing crop was increased in the order of Genus Miscanthus and Genus Carex. and in the woody plants Genus Lespedeza was increased in the standing crop. 5. It was found that in the rest plots, total summed height was greater by about 6000cm than that in the controlled plots. 6. In conclusion, the forest fire gave a great loss to tall trees and woody plants burning them together with unmatured seeds. In the succession of the 2nd year it was considered that the growth of the perennial plants had been stimulated on the barned sites.