• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.183-196
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to construct a substantive theory about the substantials of stress of Korean Wives in the community. The subjects were 10 wives. In the process of data analysis, 'burden' was found to be the core phenomenon. And the properties of burden were 'burden of domestic economy', 'a sence of duty about the esteemed family of her husband', 'role burden in a family and her work place', and 'burden of conception'. Twenty five hypotheses were derived from the integration of categories. It is as follows : 1. The stronger the difference as perceiced by subjects, the stronger the burden will be. 2. The stronger the dissatisfaction, the stronger the burden will be. 3. The stronger the trouble, the stronger the burden will be.4. The stronger the worry, the stronger the burden will be. 5. The stronger the forcible demand, the stronger the burden will be. 6. The stronger the regret, the stronger the burden will be. 7. The rarer the communication, the stronger the burden will be. 8. The stronger the fatigue, the stronger the burden will be. 9. The stronger the anger, the stronger the burden will be. 10. The stronger the worrisome feeling, the stronger the burden will be. 11. The stronger the unbearable feeling, the stronger the burden will be. 12. The stronger the resentment. the stronger the burden will be. 13. The stronger the sence of insufficiency, the stronger the burden will be. 14. The stronger the estrangement, the stronger the burden will be. 15. The stronger the attachment, the stronger the burden will be.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.346-354
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in the association between caregiver's activities and caregiving burden according to gender and family relationship of caregivers of older people with dementia. This study used data from the Caregivers of Alzheimer's Disease Research survey (n=476). The association between caregiving activities and care burden was analyzed by multiple regression. In this study, the caregivers were predominantly spouses, followed by daughters. The care burden, especially personal burden, and depression were significantly higher in women than men. The spouses (either male or female), compared with the sons and daughters, spent significantly more time providing care. Care time and depression of caregivers and physical disability of the patient were significantly correlated with care burden. Among the caregiving activities, using transportation, dressing, eating, looking after appearance, and supervising were significantly associated with care burden. The daughters and daughters-in-law presented more care burden with higher number of care days, and the female spouse who were younger tended to experience higher care burden. Daughters who provided longer time looking after appearance exhibited higher care burden. For female spouse, eating time was significantly associated with care burden. The association between caregiving activities and care burden of caregivers of people with dementia differed by gender and family relationship with the patient. This study was characterized by analyzing the effect of caregiving activities on caregiving burden by gender and family relationship of caregivers.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.45
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• pp.374-399
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• 2001

Experiences of the subjective burden and its determinants were analyzed in a sample of 110 primary family caregivers of adult schizophrenic patients. The subjects reported varying amount of subjective burden and its mean score was 17.84 that meant considerably high level of subjective burden. Reports of subjective burden were high in the items of 'pity', 'frustration and resentment', 'regret'. The result of factor analysis revealed that subjective burden consisted of four factors such as 'hopelessness', 'frustration and resentment', 'fear', and 'pity and anxiety'. The results about the determining variables of subjective burden indicated that the prognosis of patient, perceived stigma, the number of previous hospitalization, the availability of secondary caregiver, primary caregiver's age, and family income were predictive of primary caregivers' subjective burden. The result examining the multivariate relationship among subjective burden, stressors, social support, family demographic and socioeconomic characteristics revealed that the more important determinants of subjective burden were the prognosis of patient, perceived stigma, and the number of previous hospitalization, Implications for intervention to help with primary caregivers' subjective burden were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.384-395
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• 2000

This study examined burdens of primary family caregivers, and family functioning of patients with cancer. In addition, the relationship between two concepts was assessed to develop nursing intervention to reduce the burdens of caregiving, and to improve family functioning. Ninety-two primary family caregivers of patients with cancer at a general hospital in Seoul participated in this study. The patients with cancer aged from 19 to 84 years with a mean age of 51 years, and sixty-one percent were male. About 30 percent of the patients suffered liver and billiary tract cancer. Fifty-six percent of the primary family caregivers were spouses of the patients and 70.7 percent were women. Primary family caregivers' burdens were assessed by the Burden Scale originally developed by Zarit (1980) and Novak & Guest(1989) and modified by Jang (1995) for use in Korea. The instrument consists of six subscales: time-dependent burden, developmental burden, physical burden, emotional burden, social burden, and financial burden. Family functioning was assessed by the Family APGAR developed by Smilkstein(1978). The results were as follows: 1. The average burden score was 86.1, indicating a moderate level of burden. The time-dependent burden scored highest followed by developmental, physical, social, financial, and emotional burdens. The mean score of family APGAR was 9.71; among subjects 82.6% were included in dysfunctional families. 2. Of the characteristics of patients, age, gender, number of admissions, and job were found to be associated with the level of burden. There was no significant difference between patient characteristics and family functioning. Of the characteristics of primary family caregivers, caregiver's perception of patient prognosis was significantly related to the level of burden, and family functioning. Caregiver's sex and age were also related to family functioning. The quality of relationship between a patient and a caregiver was significant situational factors affecting the level of burden, and family functioning. In addition, the income of family, and help from other family members were related to the level of burden. Given the results, it is essential to develop nursing intervention to reduce burden and to improve family functioning, such as support groups.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.54 no.10
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• pp.457-464
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• 2005

Both ratio error and phase angle error in potential transformer(PT) are critically affected by used burden, connected in parallel to the secondary terminal of the PT. Thus precise measurement of burden value is very important for the evaluation of PT An automatic measurement system has been developed for the measurement of burden value and power factor of a burden. The ac voltage, current and power of the burden are measured precisely, and the burden value and power factor were calculated from these measured values. The resistance and inductance values of the tested burden are also calculated. The overall measurement uncertainties are calculated and reported with the burden value and power factor. The best measurement uncertainty for the burden measurement with the developed automatic measurement system was estimated to be 0.5 $\%$.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting family caregiver burden, and to identify the relationship between family caregiver burden and family function /self-care of psychiatric out-patient. These data were collected by questionnaire from September 20 to October 8, 1993. The subjects were 285 family caregiver of psychiatric out-patients. The instruments used in this study were Caregiver Burden Inventory(CBI) by Novak(1989), self-care performing by Yu(1992), and Family APGAR by Smilkstein(1979). The data were analyzed by cronbach's $\alpha$, mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression with SPSS /pc+ program. The result of this study were as follows ; 1. The means of family caregiver Burden revealed total 2.00, Time-Dependence Burden 78, developmental Burden 2.22, physical Burden 1.90, social Burden 1.43, emotional Burden 2.18, financial Burden 1.51. family caregiver burden score showed moderate level. time-dependence burden showed the highest score and social burden showed the lowest score. 2. The means of family function revealed total 5.67. 7 through high-21.4% (61), low through 3-38.6%(110). family function score showed moderate level. 3. The means of patient's self-care performance revealed total 137.71. self-care performance showed moderate level. 4. A ststistically significant correlation between family caregiver burden and patient's demographic variables, age (F=3.83, p<.01), marrital status(F=3.50, p<.01), job(F=3.17, p<.01), diagnosis(F=4.46, p<.01), income (F=4.46, p<.01). No significant differences between family caregiver burden and prevalent period, religion, sex (p>.05). S. A ststistically significant correlation between family caregiver burden and family's demographic variables, age (F=7.34, p<.01), sex(t=-2.63, p<.01), education level(F=7.61, p<.01), income (F=8.13, p<.01), relation with patient (F=6.92, p<.01), job(F=2.03, p<.05), medical service (F=3.89, p<.05), presence of chronically ill without patient(t=-2.01, p<.05) 6. Family function was the highest factor predicting family caregiver burden(R=.4168, $R^2=.1737$), low education level of family, patient's self-care, family income accounted for 36% in family caregiver burden.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1-14
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• 1994

This study was to identify variables which were related with middle aged women's identification of child mother-role burden and psychological well-being and to investigate the relationships of mother-role burden and psychological well-being in mid-life. The research data were collected from 578 who were 40-59 year old women in Seoul. The major findings were as follow; (1) the level of middle age women's identification of child was very high and the level of mother-role burden was moderate. the level of psychological well-being was slightly high. (2) Mid-life women's psychological well-being was related to education level income and job. (3) Identification of child was related to educational level having job and income. And mother-role burden was influenced only by education level. (4) Middle aged women's identification of child was positively related mother-role burden. Mother-role burden was negatively related to psychological well-being in mid-life. These findings represented middle aged mother in our society had considerable burden of child but their psychological well-being was not low. Possibly it is due to the fact mothers regard their burden of child as acceptable duty.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 1995

Children with metabolic disorders suffer from retardation and cognitive dysfunction. The task of caring for a mother may mean that she has less time and mony and more workload which may result in increased fatigue and depression and low well-being. The burden carried by mother due to the responsiblity take care of child. The descriptive study was done identify the burden in mother of children with metabolic disorders. The data was collected from November 1 to November 16, 1993. nineteen mothers were interviewed with metabolic disorders with questionnaire by mail. Burden was measured using existing tools by Zarit (1980), Montgomery(1985) . et al. Burden data was analyzed by the SPSS /pc+ program were tested using means, frequencies, Mann-Whitney, U-Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test and Kruskal-Wallis one way ANOVA The result of this study as follows : The meas score for burden was 2.8. (range from 34 to 4.95) The result of reiationship of demographic character and burden was no significant. In conclusion it was found that burden is correlated negatively to quality of life. In this study, burden was scored relatively low. Further qualitative research is needed to validats the nature of burden.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.209-221
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• 2000

This longitudinal study examines the burdens and related factors for stroke patient's primary family caregivers. Sixty-one patients treated for stroke at a general hospital in Chung-nam province and family member caregivers participated in this study from July 28, 1998 to August 1, 1999. Family caregivers' burdens were assessed by the burden scale originally developed by Zarit(1980) and Novak & Geust(1989) and modified by Oh's(1993) for use in Korea. The burden scale instrument consists of five subscales.: financial burden, social burden, physical burden, dependency burden, and emotional burden. Repeated ANOVA and Stepwise multiple regression were used in the data analyses. The results were as follows: The burden mean score was 3.23 in the hospital, 3.26 after hospital release, and 3.27 in the home environment. In the hospital, a patient's degree of cognition, and social support for family caregivers were significant factors affecting the sense of burden felt by family caregivers. After hospital release, the significant factors affecting the sense of burden were the degree to which stroke patients could participate in daily living activities, social support for family caregivers, and changing to a second caregiver. In the home environment, the most significant factor affecting the sense of burden was social support for family caregivers.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.35-42
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• 2017

Purpose - This study investigated small business members' cognition of happiness in accordance with changes of employment environment at the nation's industrialization. The study verified effects of labor workers' psychological wellbeing conditions upon life satisfaction as well as the effects of job burden and family burden of employment instability. Research design, data, and methodology - The subjects were small business workers in Seoul and Metropolitan areas. The author collected 150 copies of effective questionnaires. Regression analysis, hierarchical analysis and 3-stage mediation regression analysis were done. Results - The findings of this research was that psychological wellbeing factors alleviated job burden and family burden to increase satisfaction with life. Employment instability moderated between job burden and satisfaction with life, job burden between environmental control and satisfaction with life, and family burden between goal and satisfaction of life. Members needed sub factors of psychological wellbeing, especially reflection for self-acceptance. Conclusions - This study inspected effects of small business workers' psychological wellbeing upon life satisfaction at changes of management environment as well as labor environment to verify effects of job burden, family burden and employment instability and to find out conditions of human resources management from point of view of small business and workers.