• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2002

The physico-chemical properties of fresh milt of marbled sole, Limanda yokohamae, brown sole, Limanda herzensteini, starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus and olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus among flatfishes, and the fine structure of their cryopresserved spermatozoa were investigated. The highest concentration of sperm among these four species was $3.60\pm1.35\times10^{10}/mL$ in marbled sole. Osmolality and pH of seminal plasma in four flatfish species were approximately 330 mOsm/kg and 7.6-8.1, respectively. Seminal plasma compositions showed interspecific differences. The sperm heads of marbled sole, brown sole and starry flounder were ellipsoidal and that of olive flounder was round. The numbers of mitochondria of these four species were eight in marbled sole, seven in brown sole and starry flounder, and six in olive flounder. Cross-sectional view of flagellum showed typical 9+ 2 structure in all species. Most of sperms cryopreserved with a proper method had no visible ultrastructural changes after freeze-thawing, compared with the fresh sperm, but in a few cases, swelling of their heads and midpiece regions were observed.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2002

The proper conditions for cold storage of milt in four species of flatfish were investigated. Various diluents were tested for the preservation of marbled sole, brown sole, starry flounder and olive flounder milt at $1\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The most effective diluent was $1\%$ NaCl for marbled sole and Stein's extender for brown sole, starry flounder and olive flounder. After 7 days of storage in different dilution ratios (milt: diluent), marbled sole milt diluted with 1:3-10 and brown sole, starry flounder and olive flounder milt diluted 1:1-10 maintained good sperm activity index (SAI). SAI was affected by storage volume and presence of antibiotic. SAI was lower after 7 days storage in the volume of 1.5 mL than in 0.5 or 1.0 mL. SAI after 29 days storage was markedly enhanced by addition of antibiotic in marbled sole (400 ppm gentamicin, 400 ppm neomycin, 200-400 ppm streptomycin), brown sole (600 ppm gentamicin), starry flounder (1,000 ppm gentamicin) and olive flounder (200-1,000 ppm gentamicin, 200-400 ppm neomycin, 200-1,000 ppm streptomycin).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.933-938
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• 1994

A study was amino acid contents by heating conditions of mackerel, pacific saury , yellow croaker, and brown sole investigated. In fresh fishes, total amino acid contents showed higher amount in brown sole and yellow croaker, than those of pacific saury and mackerel. The amino acid contents among the tested samples were higher Glx , leucine, lysine and arginine in order. During heating of samples the amino acid contents decreased. There appeared to be a proportional relationship of the heating temperature to decrease of amino acid. The amino acid contents of steamed samples significantly decreased than those of others. During warming and rewarming samples after storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours , amino acid contents slightly decreased.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.128-132
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• 2004

Reproductive cycle of the brown sole, Limanda herzensteini was investigated by means of histological methods. The testis showed the presence of seminiferous tubule. The tubule consisted of many testicular cysts, each of which contained numerous germ cells - all at the same developmental stage. The ovary consisted of several ovarian lamellae and the oogonia originated from the inner surface of the ovarian lamella. Oocyte development was group-synchronous. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the male and female was the highest in January and March, respectively. Reproductive cycle could be classified into the growing (June-September), maturation (October-December), ripe and spent (January-March), and recovery and resting (April-May).

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2010

The population structure of brown sole was examined in a total of 308 samples collected from three geographical groups: one locality (Gangneung) on the east side of the Korean Peninsula, two localities (Erimo and Tomakomai) on the southeastern side and four localities (Onishika, Teshio, Tomamae and Yoichi) on the northwestern side of Hokkaido Island, Japan, by using sequences of 484 bp from the 5' end of the control region of mtDNA. We detected 225 haplotypes, but 183 of them were unique to an individual. A total of 116 nucleotide sites were variable. Haplotype diversity (h) was very high, ranging from 0.989 to 1.000, and nucleotide diversity (${\pi}$) was detected between 0.015 and 0.022. Genetic distances (${\Phi}_{ST}$) within populations, among populations and among geographical groups were low (0.0002 to 0.0014). No significant difference was detected by the AMOVA test (P < 0.05). Pairwise $F_{ST}$ values between sampling localities were also low and not significant. Genetic differentiation was not detected among sampling localities.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.649-658
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• 1995

In order to estimate the level of genetic differences among the pleuronectid species, mitochondrial DNAs were isolated from four species: brown sole, Limanda herensteini; marbled sole, Limanda Yokohamae; stone flounder, Kareius bicoloratus; starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, and the number of nucleotide substitutions was calculated by the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFIPs) generated by f4 sin base recognition restriction endonucleases. Total lengths of the mitochondrial DNA were measured as about 17.6 kbp in all species. Ten different composite genotypes were observed in brown sole, four different genotypes in marbled sole, and two different genotypes in starry flounder. However, only one genotype was observed in stone flounder. The calculated haplotypic diversity value of brown sole was higher than that of marbled sole. The average number of nucleotide substitutions per sites in four species was estimated to be 0.0045 in the intraspecies, 0.0344 in the interspecies, and 0.0457 in the genera, respectively. From these results, we could estimate that the genetic differences among interspecies were not influenced by nucleotide substitutions but genetical discontinuous.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.939-944
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• 1994

The change of major organic acid contents were examined in mackerel, pacific yellow croaker and brown sole on heating conditions. The organic acid contents of mackerel were the higher that the others. The content of lactic acid was the highest in all samples commonly and that of succinic acid was second level and these organic acids were over 95% of total organic acid. The content of ${\alpha}-ketoglutaric$ acid was higher acid content was greater with higher heating temperature. Decreasing of organic acid content was higher at steamed and first heating than warmed and rewarmed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

To compare the catches made using gillnets, trammel nets, and gillnets with supporting lines, several experiments were conducted with commercial vessels near Uljin and Pohang in Eastern Korea between July 2010 and May 2011. Two sets of 13 different nets were used, including 5 panels of gillnets and trammel nets each with stretched mesh sizes of 7.6, 9.1, 10.6, 12.1, and 13.6 cm and 3 panels of gillnets with a mesh size of 9.1 cm with supporting lines with different line spacing. The outer (stretched) mesh size of the trammel nets measured 51.5 cm. The target fishes of the fishing nets were various types of flounders. The catch rate of flounders was 50.7% of the total catch in weight. The total catch for all nets was 443.8 kg. The predominant species was pointhead flounder (Cleisthenes pinetorum). The total catch by trammel nets was 1.4 times that of the comparable gillnets. But more pointhead flounder were caught by gillnets than by trammel nets, though there was no significant difference. Fishermen catching the pointhead flounder in Korea said that there was no need to use trammel net to catch it; this was an unexpected finding compared to the findings of other flounder fisheries. The amounts of roughscale sole, brown sole, and blackfin flounder caught by trammel nets were greater than those caught by gillnets. The mean lengths (standard deviation) of blackfin flounder, pointhead flounder, brown sole, and roughscale sole were 21.0 (4.57), 22.9 (3.40), 24.7 (4.90), and 28.3 (5.43) cm, respectively; there were significant differences in mean length (p < 0.00001). Therefore, in order to catch flounder efficiently, the fishing nets and mesh size should be chosen according to the target species. One advantage of using supporting lines is that it prevents breakage by strengthening the material especially when utilized on a rough bottom. Catch by using gillnet with supporting lines was not greater than that by using trammel net for the conservation of fisheries resources.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1994

Attempts were made to investigate the antagonistic activity of soil borne microorganisms Pseudomonas spp. and Trichoderma spp. against to the pathogens of turf diseases Rhizoctionia solani spp. and Pythiom spp. in vitro by a dual culture bioassay. Inhibition zone between the edge of the my-celium and the margin of each antagonistic bacteria, Pocudontonas, on potato dextrose agar was measured 3 days after incubation at 28˚C. Psudomonas spp. showed relatively high inhibition of mycelium growth of R. solani AG-i and Pythium spp. which cause brown patch and pythium blight, respectively. Antagonistic fungi Trichodenma spp. also showed effective inhibition against mycelium growth of both pathogens, more proper methods of measuring the inhibition effects were required because of fast growth of Trichodenna hypae. Brown patch and pythium blight both, re-quire most higher rate of fungicide use to control in golf curses in Korea. Application of antagon-istic microorganisms are useful as biological resources an approach to sole environmental contamination.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 2006

The age and growth of brown sole, Pleuronectes herzensteini were investigated from samples randomly collected in the East Sea of Korea from April, 2003 to March, 2004. Ages were determined from annuli in otoliths and annuli were formed between March and May once a year. Also, main spawning period were estimated between March and April, thus rings were considered as annual marks. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated from a non-linear regression method were $L_{\infty}=37.2cm$, K=0.131/year, $t_0=-2.008years$ for female and $L_{\infty}=28.3cm$, K=0.177/year, $t_0=-2.135years$ for male, and the growth between female and male was different.