• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2000.11a
• /
• pp.511-514
• /
• 2000

This work aimed to develop ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) thin films ablation with a KrF Eximer laser required for the application in flat panel display, especially patterning into small geometry on a large substrate area. The threshold fluence for ablating ITO on glass substrate is about 0.1 J/cm$^2$. And its value is much smaller than using third harmonic Nd:YAG laser. Through the optical microscope measurement the surface color of the damaged ITO is changed into dark brown and irradiated spot is completely isolated form the undamaged surroundings by laser light. The XPS analysis showed that the relative surface concentration of Sn and In were essentially unchanged (In :Sn=5:1) after irradiating Eximer laser. Using aluminium mask made by second harmonic Nd:YAG laser the ITO patterning is carried out.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.241-250
• /
• 2000

Popcorn cracking phenomena frequently occur in thin plastic packages during the solder reflow process, which are definitely affected by poor adhesion of Cu-based leadframe to epoxy molding compounds (EMCs). In the present work, in order to enhance the adhesion strength, a brown-oxide treatment on the Cu-based leadframe was carried out and the adhesion strength of leadframe/EMC interface was measured in terms of fracture toughness by using sandwiched double-cantilever beam (SDCB) specimens. After the adhesion tests, fracture surfaces were analyzed by SEM, AES, EDS and AFM to make the failure path clear. Results showed that failure path was closely related to the oxidation time and the interfacial fracture toughness.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2015

Abnormal changes in skin color induce significant cosmetic problems and affect quality of life. There are two groups of abnormal change in skin color; hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation. Hyperpigmentation, darkening skin color by excessive pigmentation, is a major concern for Asian people with yellowe-brown skin. A variety of hypopigmenting agents have been used, but treating the hyperpigmented condition is still challenging and the results are often discouraging. Panax ginseng has been used traditionally in eastern Asia to treat various diseases, due to its immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antioxidative, and antitumor activities. Recently, several reports have shown that extract, powder, or some constituents of ginseng could inhibit melanogenesis in vivo or in vitro. The underlying mechanisms of antimelanogenic properties in ginseng or its components include the direct inhibition of key enzymes of melanogenesis, inhibition of transcription factors or signaling pathways involved in melanogenesis, decreasing production of inducers of melanogenesis, and enhancing production of antimelanogenic factor. Although there still remain some controversial issues surrounding the antimelanogenic activity of ginseng, especially in its effect on production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, these recent findings suggest that ginseng and its constituents might be potential candidates for novel skin whitening agents.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.151-157
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacterial fermentation on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of an edible brown alga, Eisenia bicyclis. Lactic acid bacteria were inoculated into and cultivated in E. bicyclis water extract. The antioxidant activity of the extract was assayed before and following fermentation. Antioxidant activity was determined by assaying the levels of radical scavenging activity against 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical and alkyl radical. The lactic acid bacterial fermentation of E. bicyclis extract resulted in enhanced antioxidant activity. The greatest enhancement of antioxidant activity was seen in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, in which E. bicyclis extract was fermented by Pediococcus pentosaceus MBP-34 strain for 12 h. This fermented extract also exhibited higher inhibitory activity (96.66%) on nitric oxide production compared with other lactic acid bacterial fermented extracts or raw extract (189.60%). In conclusion, fermentation by bacterial strain is an attractive strategy for developing value-added food ingredients.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.298-303
• /
• 2011

A large number of edible seaweeds are consumed by the coastal peoples of Asia. Some of them are used in traditional remedies in many parts of the world. In this study we investigated effects of supplementation with ethyl acetate extracts of the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis (EBE) on rat macrophage to evaluate the possibilities as immune-modulators. Twelve male SD rats were divided into two groups and the treatments were as follows: A, no Eisenia bicyclis extract (EBE) intake and distilled water ; B, oral supplemented with EBE 200 mg/kg. After 5 weeks of supplementation, rats were sacrificed to assess the effect on peritoneal macrophage functions. We showed no increasing effects on tumoricidal activity, phagocytic activity and NO production in macrophages in EBE supplementation group. However, EBE supplementation suppressed NO-iNOS production and p65 translocation into the nucleus in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Overall, these results suggest that the supplementation of EBE might have an anti-inflammatory effects on NO-iNOS production in macrophages throughout the inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.24-30
• /
• 1976

To observe the influence of tetrahedral and octahedral preference of cations of Ni2+, Ti4+ upon the formation and the color development of the MgO-SnO2 spinel containing Ni2+ and Ti4+ ions, the gradual substitution of Ni2+ ions for Mg2+ ions and of Ti4+ ions for Sn4+ ions of the spinel in NiO-MgO-SnO2-TiO2 system was carried out. On samples prepared by calcining the oxide and basic carbonate mixtures at 130$0^{\circ}C$ for 1.5 hour, the X-ray analysis, measurement of reflectance and the test of their stability as a glaze pigment were also carried out. On samples prepared by calcining the oxide and basic carbonate mixtures at 130$0^{\circ}C$ for 1.5 hour, the X-ray analysis, measurement of reflectance and the test of their stabiality as a glaze pigment were also carried out. The results are summarized as follows. 1) As increasing the amounts of Ni2+ ions in the xNiO.(2-x)MgO.SnO2 system, spinel was not formed easily, and the mixed-spinel was formed in NiO.MgO.SnO2 of x=1 but the spinels was not formed completely in the range of x>1.5 2) The spinels was not more formed in NiO-MgO-TiO2 system than NiO-MgO-SnO2 system. Therefore, Ti4+ ions have strong octahedral preference than Sn4+ ions. The color changed the yellow region little. The mixed-spinel or non-spinel was formed easily NiO.TiO2, MgO.TiO2 of illmenite type as the gradual substitution of Ti4+ ions for Sn4+ ions. 3) The results of glaze test. The color changed from white through graish brown to brown as the gradual substitution of Ni2+ ions for Mg2+ ions in calcium-zinc glaze and calcium glaze, and from white through light yellowish beige to dull beige in tile glaze. Also, the color did not change generally as the gradual substitution of Ti4+ ions for Sn4+ ions in NiO-MgO-SnO2-TiO2 system.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.3-10
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sargassum horneri is an edible brown alga that grows in the subtidal zone as an annual species along the coasts of South Korea, China, and Japan. Recently, an extreme amount of S. horneri moved into the coasts of Jeju Island from the east coast of China, which made huge economic and environmental loss to the Jeju Island. Thus, utilization of this biomass becomes a big issue with the local authorities. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of crude polysaccharides (CPs) extracted from S. horneri China strain in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: CPs were precipitated from S. horneri digests prepared by enzyme assistant extraction using four food-grade enzymes (AMG, Celluclast, Viscozyme, and Alcalase). The production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ were measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were measured by using western blot. The IR spectrums of the CPs were recorded using a fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrometer. RESULTS: The polysaccharides from the Celluclast enzyme digest (CCP) showed the highest inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells ($IC_{50}$ value: $95.7{\mu}g/mL$). Also, CCP dose-dependently down-regulated the protein expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, compared to the only LPS-treated cells. In addition, CCP inhibited the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p50 and p65 and the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis showed that the FT-IR spectrum of CCP is similar to that of commercial fucoidan. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that CCP has anti-inflammatory activities and is a potential candidate for the formulation of a functional food ingredient or/and drug to treat inflammatory diseases.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.96-101
• /
• 2020

In this paper, the commercial feasibility of trigeneration, producing heat, power, and hydrogen (CHHP) and using biogas derived from macroalgae (i.e., seaweed biomass feedstock), are investigated. For this purpose, a commercial scale trigeneration process, consisting of three MW solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), gas turbine, and organic Rankine cycle, is designed conceptually and simulated using Aspen plus, a commercial process simulator. To produce hydrogen, a solid oxide fuel cell system is re-designed by the removal of after-burner and the addition of a water-gas shift reactor. The cost of each unit operation equipment in the process is estimated through the calculated heat and mass balances from simulation, with the techno-economic analysis following through. The designed CHHP process produces 2.3 MW of net power and 50 kg hr^-1 of hydrogen with an efficiency of 37% using 2 ton hr^-1 of biogas from 3.47 ton hr^-1 (dry basis) of brown algae as feedstock. Based on these results, a realistic scenario is evaluated economically and the breakeven electricity selling price (BESP) is calculated. The calculated BESP is ¢10.45 kWh^-1, which is comparable to or better than the conventional power generation. This means that the CHHP process based on SOFC can be a viable alternative when the technical targets on SOFC are reached.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.289-294
• /
• 2015

Fucoidan which is sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed has a wide variety of internal biological activities. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of fucoidan on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to investigate whether this effect is involved in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the activation of activator portein-1 (AP-1). The levels of NO production and AP-1 activity in the culture supernatants from porcine PBMCs were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the levels of iNOS and AP-1 mRNA were determined by real time polymerase chain reaction. Fucoidan in LPS-naïve PBMCs has no effects on the production of NO and activity of AP-1. Expressions of iNOS and AP-1 mRNA in LPS-naïve PBMCs were also not affected by treatment of fucoidan. However, NO production, AP-1 activity and expressions of iNOS and AP-1 mRNA were dramatically increased in PBMCs stimulated with LPS. Enhancing effects of NO production and AP-1 activity in PBMCs induced by LPS were reduced by addition of fucoidan. Fucoidan also inhibited an increase in expressions of iNOS and AP-1 mRNA in LPS-stimulated PBMCs. These results suggested that fucoidan exerts anti-inflammatory effect by down-regulating production of NO via suppressing expression of iNOS and activity of AP-1 in LPS-stimulated porcine PBMCs.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.232-237
• /
• 2022

Biorefineries, in which renewable resources are utilized, are an eco-friendly alternative based on biomass feedstocks. Alginic acid, a major component of brown algae, which is a type of marine biomass, is widely used in various industries and can be converted into value-added chemicals such as sugars, sugar alcohols, furans, and organic acids via catalytic hydrothermal decomposition under certain conditions. In this study, ruthenium-supported activated carbon and magnesium oxide were mixed and applied to the depolymerization of alginic acid in a batch reactor. The addition of magnesium oxide as a basic promoter had a strong influence on product distribution. In this heterogeneous catalytic system, the separation and purification processes are also simplified. After the reaction, low molecular weight alcohols and organic acids with 5 or fewer carbons were produced. Specifically, under the optimal reaction conditions of 30 mL of 1 wt% alginic acid aqueous solution, 100 mg of ruthenium-supported activated carbon, 100 mg of magnesium oxide, 210 ℃ of reaction temperature, and 1 h of reaction time, total carbon yields of 29.8% for alcohols and 43.8% for a liquid product were obtained. Hence, it is suggested that this catalytic system results in the enhanced hydrogenolysis of alginic acid to value-added chemicals.