• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 1997

One- to three-month-old infants (n=232) were compared their upper arm cumference and skinfold thickness(triceps, subscapular) by feeding methods in cross-sectional study. There were two groups : breast-fed(BF) and formula-fed groups(FF). As reported previously, weight, length, head and chest circumferences of these infants were good, and overall growth status was not significantly different by feeding methods, but weight, weight velocity and chest circumference of formula-fed infants were higher than breast-feds at 3month, significantly. Hear, the triceps skinfold thickness of infants at 1, 2, and 3 postpartum months were 7.4, 9.5 and 10.5 mm, respectively. The triceps skinfold thickness of breast-fed infants were higher than formula-feds at 1 and 2 postpartum month, but at 3 month that of formula-fed infants was greater than breast-fed infants, insignificantly. The subscapular skinfold thickness of infants were 6.4, 9.2 and 10.6 mm at 1 to 3 postpartum months, respectively. The upper arm circumference of infants were 11.7, 13.4, 14.3cm, and the arm muscle diameter were 34.5,39.3 and 41.7cm at one to three postpartum months, respectively. The upper arm circumference of male infants was higher than females at 2, 3 postpartum months. Overall, there were no signifiant differences between feeding methods in triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, upper arm circumference and arm muscle diameter. But 3-month-old formula-fed male infant showed bigger significantly in arm circumference than the breast-feds. From this survey, long-term survey on growth and body composition of large scales might be necessary to determine the effect of feeding methods of infants after 3 months and to set proper body composition standard for infant.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권11호
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• pp.1166-1171
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• 2005

목 적 : 영아시기의 모유수유가 이후 소아기의 과체중이나 비만의 유병률에 영향을 줄 수 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2004년도 마산 및 창원에 있는 4개의 초등학교 1학년과 2학년 1,275명을 대상으로 하여, 생활기록부로부터 키와 몸무게에 대한 정보를 바탕으로 BMI와 비만도를 구하였고 학부모를 대상으로 설문지를 보낸 후 수집하였다. 설문의 내용은 출생력(재태주수, 출생시 몸무게, 분만방식), 수유의 방법(모유 단독 수유, 분유 단독 수유, 혼합 수유, 모유수유 후 분유로의 전환) 및 그 기간에 대해서 표시하도록 하였다. 결 과 : 1) 과거 수유방식은 모유를 2개월 미만으로 먹고 이후 분유만 먹인 경우가 54.5%로 가장 많았고 모유를 2개월에서 6개월간 먹고 이후 분유 수유한 경우가 12.9% 7개월 이상 모유만 먹인 경우가 18.4%, 모유와 분유를 혼합해 먹인 경우가 14.3%였다. 2) BMI를 기준으로 과체중은 10.3%, 비만은 9.8%로 과체중 이상의 어린이는 전체 조사대상의 어린이 중 20.1%로 나타났다. 비만도를 기준으로 한 경우 경도 비만은 4.5%, 중등도 비만은 2.4%였고 고도비만은 없었다. 3) 수유방식에 따른 BMI를 적용한 과체중 및 비만의 유병률에 차이가 없었으며 이는 비만도를 적용한 경우에도 마찬가지였다. 4) 평균 체질량지수와 평균 비만도 역시 수유방식에 따른 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 영아기 수유방식은 초기 학동기 어린이의 비만에 특이한 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 보아 모유의 비만예방에 대한 효과를 확인할 수 없었다. 그러나 어린이의 비만에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인은 아주 많아 이를 고려하고 대상을 보다 광역화, 대량화한 연구가 추가적으로 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.423-432
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• 1993

Feeding mode and evacuation pattern of 9 breast-fed(BF) infants and 22 formula-fed(FF) infants were monitored at 1, 2 and 3 months postpartum in Korea. The daily feeding volume to the BF infants was significantly less than that to the FF infants at 2 and 3 months postpartum. And the daily feeding voloume to the BF infants decreased significantly with age, whereas that to the FF infants increased significantly. These data indicated that the frequency of daily feeding decreased with age in bofy infants' intake per feeding increased whereas the BF infants' did not. As a result, the BF infants could not adjust their intakes. The frequency of daily evactation of the BF infants was higher than that of the FF infants, but the amount of daily evacuation of the BF infants was less than that of the FF infants.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.4979-4981
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• 2012

Aim: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers of women in India with high fatality rate. Over a 1 year study period 105 consecutive biopsy or fine needle aspiration cytology confirmed breast cancer patients were interviewed by direct questionnaire method regarding risk factors attending Surgery and Radiotherapy OPD of Medical College Kolkata, West Bengal while taking other 105 patients attending Surgery Department for some other disease as controls. The data were compiled in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed by Epi info 3.5.1 software. Among the cases, rural residence, illiteracy and low socio-economic status was significantly higher than controls. Late onset of menarche, late onset of menopause, ever OCP usage, breast feeding for 1-2 years and age of 1st childbirth between 20-30 years were found to be significant protective factors. People should be made aware regarding the modifiable risk factors to prevent breast cancer.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.373-385
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the lactation and weaning practice of infants and their mothers' attitude on infant nutrition. We interviewed 152 mothers in three pediatric clinics located in Sokcho city. From this survey, $76.3\%$ of infants was fed colostrum milk during first one week of life. During the first 4 months, $31.6\%$ of infants was fed breast-milk, while $42.8\%$ of them was fed bottled-milk. More housewives fed their babies with breast milk than the working mothers. Infants ate first weaning food at 5.73$\pm$1.86 months of life. Highly educated mothers showed positive response to the questionnaire : Breast-feeding is good for baby but it requires mother's sacrifice, and Breast-feeding may ruin the good shape of mothers. Highly income mothers responded negatively to the statement : Breast-feeding is not a must for infants since bottled-milk is a good substitution for breast-milk. Comparing with the mothers whose income was about 1 -2 million won per month, with ones who got paid less than 1 million won per month the former responded positively to : Breast-feeding is good for baby but it requires mother's sacrifice. Mothers recognized the importance of weaning in the following order : Supply of nutrition, Enforcement of digestion and absorption capability, Variety of taste, Disease prevention, Development of self-reliance, and Development of baby tooth. To improve the infants' nutritional status, education program on infant nutrition should be organized and run for the pregnant and lactating women in obstetrician and pediatric clinics and through the mass media as well.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.113-122
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• 1994

This study was designed to assess the current status of infant feeding through an retrospective survey on feeding method. The survey was executed for 417 mothers bringing up a child below 24 months in Seoul and Kyunggi-Do province from September to October, 1993. Analysing a few influential environmental factors while assessing the level of knowledge today's mother have on infant feeding. Incidence of breast feeding was 27.8% of the interviewed mothers, which showed lower percentages than those of previous surveys. This research proved the major influencing factor generally depended on its mother rather than babies. Generally mothers knew the information of infant feeding, but their knowledge actually didn't work. The source of mothers' informations on the infant nutrition showed the grandmother, books and magazines, doctor were many by the order. among the reasons of resent formula and mixed feeding, lack of breast milk' was the commonest as 50.5% and the next reason was 'because of job' as 12.6%.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.16-25
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to estimate primiparas' perceptions of their newborns and compare the changes of their perceptions related to feeding methods between the time I (post-partum 2nd-3rd day) and the time ll (post-partum 1st month). At the time Ⅰ, bottle-feeding method was 100% because mothers were separated from their babies. At the time Ⅱ, the methods of feeding were breast-feeding(29.7%), bottle-feeding(30.7%), mixed feeding(39.6%) .The subjects of this study were 101 primiparas. Data were collected between May to October 1994, using the Neonatal Perception Inventory devised by Broussard(1963) and added by Lee Ja Hyurg(1986) .The results of this study are as follows : 1. There was no significant difference of primiparas' perceptions of their newborns according to general characteristics. 1) The younger tended to estimate that newborns were less capable, and perceived that it would be more difficult for them to take care of babies. 2) There was no difference of mothers' perceptions of their babies according to having a job or not. 3) The lower educated tended to estimate that newborns were less capable, and perceived that it would be more difficult for them to take care of babies. 2. There were some changes of primiparas' perceptions of their babies related to feeding methods between the time I (post-partum 2nd-3rd day) and the time Ⅱ (post-partum 1st month).1) At the time Ⅰ, Breast-feeding mothers estimated that newborns were less capable, and perceived that it would be more difficult for them to take care of babies. But they showed positive perceptions at the time Ⅱ (P<0.05, p<0.1) 2) At the time Ⅰ, Bottle-feeding mothers tended to estimate that newborns were more capable, and perceived that it would be more easy for them to take care of babies. But they showed negative perceptions at the time Ⅱ 3) For breast-feeding mothers, positive-positive group was 53%, positive-negative group was 20%, negative-positive group was 10%, negative-negative group was 17%. For bottle-feeding mothers, positive-positive group was 55%, positive-negative group was 32%, negative-positive group was 10%, negative-negative group was 3%.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권11호
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• pp.1152-1157
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• 2008

목적: 우리나라는 조제분유가 시판된 후, 상승 추세에 있기는 하지만 아직 비교적 낮은 모유수유율을 나타내고 있다. 이에 대한소아과학회는 모유수유에 대한 올바른 정보를 일반인들에게 제공하고 자라나는 어린이의 건강을 증진시키는데 앞장서기 위해 홈페이지에 온라인 모유수유 상담실을 운영하였고, 상담 내용을 분석하여 모유수유 중 실제로 부딪히는 문제점을 알고자 하였다. 방 법: 2004년 8월 1일부터 2007년 7월 31일까지 대한소아과학회 모유수유 상담실(www.pediatrics.or.kr)에 방문한 1001명의 질문자가 게재한 1021개의 문의건수를 후향적으로 검토하였다. 질문종류는 대 항목 3개와 소 항목 14개로 구분하였으며, 질문 답변에 대한 조회수 100회 이상의 관심질문에 대하여 분석하였다. 2004년 8월 1일부터 2007년 7월 31일까지 전체적으로 분석하였고, 2004년 8월 1일부터 2005년 7월 31일까지를 1차 연구기간으로 2005년 8월 1일부터 2007년 7월 31일까지를 2차 연구기간으로 각각 구분하여 비교하였다. 결 과: 총 1021건의 질문 중 대 항목 별 분석으로는 모유수유방법 413건(40.3%), 수유모 문제점 315건 (30.8%), 수유 아기 문제점 293건 (28.8%)로 모유수유방법에 대한 내용이 가장 많았다. 모유수유방법 중에는 수유방법(62%)에 대한 질문이 가장 많았고, 수유모 문제점에서는 모유량(27%), 수유 아기 문제점에서는 아기의 대소변(46%)에 대한 질문이 가장 많은 분포를 나타냈다. 소 항목 별 분석으로는 수유방법(22.2%), 아기의 대소변(13.1%), 모유량(8.5%)의 순으로 수유방법에 대한 질문이 가장 많았다. 맞벌이 부부의 증가로 직장 여성이 증가함에 따라 직장복귀 후 모유수유에 대한 질문이 1차 연구에 비해 2차 연구에서 2배 이상 증가하였다. 결 론: 지난 3년간의 상담 사례 분석을 통해 향후 상담실 운영의 토대를 마련하여 모유수유에 대한 관심 증가와 수유모의 궁금증 해결에 많은 도움이 된 것으로 사료된다. 맞벌이 부부와 직장여성의 증가와 같은 사회적 환경 변화에도 불구하고 모유수유에 대한 관심은 증가되고 있어서 향후 올바른 모유수유 문화 정착을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.845-862
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• 1995

모유수유를 시작하지 않는 산모의 특성과 모유수유 중단을 예측해주는 특성을 찾아내기 위하여 1년간 매달 전화면담으로 추적조사를 실시하였다. 등록대상자는 대구시의 대학병원 산부인과와 개업산부인과 각각 1개소에서 1991년 9월부터 11월까지 분만한 산모로서 최종분석에 이용된 자는 대학병원에서 166명, 개업산부인과에서 316명으로 총 482명이었다. 모유수유 중단은 고형식 유무에 관계없이 100% 인공수유로 전환하여 1주일 이상 지속하는 것으로 정의하였다. 대상자의 평균연령은 27.3세(표준편차 3.2)였다. 모유수유를 중단한 산모와 지속한 산모간의 특성차이는 다중지수회귀분석시 출신지, 직업, 출산방법, 모성의 건강을 위해 좋다고 생각되는 수유방법 등이었다. 한 달 이상 모유수유를 지속한 242명의 산모를 추적조사시에 모유수유 중단의 중앙값은 5개월이었으며 추적 대상자의 25%, 75%가 각각 3개월, 9개월에 모유수유를 중단하였다. Cox's proportional hazard model로 분석시 9년이하의 교육수준인 산모에 비하여 $10\sim12$년을 교육받은 산모는 2.63배(95% 신뢰구간 $1.50\sim4.60$), 13년 이상의 교육을 받은 산모는 3.55배(95% 신뢰구간 $1.99\sim6.33$)나 모유수유 중단을 할 가능성이 더 높았다. 전업 주부에 비하여 시간제 근무를 하는 주부는 1.99배(95% 신뢰구간 $0.86\sim4.57$) 모유수유 중단의 가능성이 더 높았고 취업 주부는 1.55배(95% 신뢰구간 $0.96\sim2.51$) 더 높았다. 이러한 결과는 모유수유를 시작하지 않는 것과 관련된 변수와 모유수유 중단과 관련된 변수들이 다를 수 있다는 사실을 시사해주며 모유수유 증진을 위한 전략 역시 출산 후 시기에 따라 달라져야 한다는 것을 시사해준다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.193-196
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• 2016

Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric (II/IH) nerve injury is one of the most common nerve injuries following pelvic surgery, especially with the Pfannenstiel incision. We present a case of intractable groin pain, successfully treated with a continuous II/IH nerve block. A 33-year-old woman, following emergency cesarean section due to cephalopelvic disproportion, presented numbness in left inguinal area and severe pain on the labia on the second postoperative day. The pain was burning, lancinating, and exacerbated by standing or movement. However, she didn't want to take additional medicine because of breast-feeding. A diagnostic II/IH nerve block produced a substantial decrease in pain. She underwent a continuous II/IH nerve block with a complete resolution of pain within 3 days. A continuous II/IH nerve block might be a goodoption for II/IH neuropathy with intractable groin pain in breast-feeding mothers without adverse drug reactions in their infants.