• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.416-420
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• 2005

Ideal results of augmentation mammaplasty consist of symmetry, natural shape, soft feeling and inconspicuous scar. In addition, patient's preferences about size and shape should be included. Static implants could not perfectly satisfy patients' desires for size and shape, but expandable implants enable to change the volume after the operation. From September 2001 to September 2004, 76 patients(150 breasts) underwent breast augmentation using permanent expandable implant. The procedure was unilateral in 2 women and bilateral in 74 women. Age ranged from 19 to 50 years(mean, 29 years). Fifty nine patients underwent simple augmentation mammaplasty, 7 patients were corrected of their severe asymmetry, 2 patients with the congenital breast deformity underwent mammaplasty using this, and 2 patients who had undergone unilateral mastectomy were reconstructed of their breasts using expandable implant. There were no definite complications such as capsular contracture, implant rupture, asymmetry. And there reported little dissatisfaction about the size. The permanent expandable implants might be good alternatives in cases of ordinary breast augmentation as well as tissue deficient patients, asymmetry, congenital anomaly, and breast reconstruction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.49
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• pp.25-48
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to offer fundamental data for classification of somatotype for boys of elementary school age. The subject were 458 elementary school boys aged from 7 to 12 living in Pusan, Data were collected by 57 anthropometric and 11 photographic measurements and analyzed by factor analysis according to SAS package 1. Through the factor analysis by each period of school ages 6-7 factor were obtained in upper half and they are as followings: 1) Factor 1 is horizontal size of upper half in every period 2) Factor 2 is vertical size of upper half in every period 3) Factor 3 is shoulder shape in the first period and length of upper half in the middle and latter period 4) Facto 4 sis length of upper half in the first period and shoulder shape in the middle and latter period 5) Factor 5 is angle shape of the breast and back in the first period angle shape of the lower breast and back in the middle of period and angle shape of the upper breast and back in the latter of period 6) Factor 6 is angle of shoulder in the first period angle shape of the upper breast and back in the middle of period and angle shape of the lower breast and back in the latter of period 7)Factor 7 is angle of shoulder in the latter of period 2. Through the factor analysis by each period of school ages 5-6 factor were obtained in lower half and they are as followings: 1) factor 1 is horizontal size of upper half in every period 2) Factor 2 is vertical size of upper half in every period 3) Pactor 3 is angle shape of the belly and upper buttock in the first period and length of lower half in the middle and latter period 5) Factor 5 is angle shape of the lower buttock in the first period angle shape of the upper belly and buttock in the middle of period and angle of the side posture in the latter of period 6) Factor 6 is angle shape of the lower buttock in the middle of period and angle shape of the lower belly and buttock

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.32-40
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• 2018

Big breasted women often experience dissatisfaction with ready-made brassieres, that do not account for individual breast types nor provide adequate cup sizes. This study was conducted to provide basic information on common breast shape and measurements of Korean big-breasted women, and to facilitate development of big-breasted women's bras with excellent fit and comfort. The study analyzed direct upper body measurements of 178 women in their 20's whith cup size C or bigger in the 5th, 6th and 7th Size Korea. In addition, 3D body scan data of women with bra size 75 and cup size C were re-collected and their breast types were examined. Average under-bust circumference of big-breasted women was 75 size in brassiere size. The average stature was 159.78 cm and the body weight was 60.33kg, indicating "overweight". Also, it was revealed that common breast types of big-breasted women, were hemispheric and cone types. The study can facilitate better understanding of breast shapes and sizes of standard big-breasted women, and will be useful as reference in selection of subjects in future studies.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.119-129
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• 2003

This study was peformed to establish the standard size system to be required for the production of brassiere. The subject were 155 Korean twenties-aged women and were directly measured anthropometrically. From 27 measurements, 5 factors were extracted through factor analysis. The accumulative contribution ratio is 76.92％. Factor 1 indicates the degree of obesity around the chest, factor 2 is the drooping degree of breast, factor 3 is the contours and prominence, factor 4 is the breast breadth and breadth of bust point, factors 5 is the volume of breast. The subject were classified into 3 cluster as their breast types through cluster analysis. Type 1 is the closest to the ideal breast shape and not too droopy. This group belonged to 75A. Type 2 has small breast and belonged to 70AA group. Type 3 is the obesest and has the biggest and droopy breast. This group belonged to 75B. The distribution of size of brassiere had 3 sections from 70 to 80 showing a rate of 81.94% and the sin of the cup had 4 sections from AAA cup to B cup showing a rate of 89.70％. The production ratio of each brassiere size, it was found that the brassiere size of highest production ratio was 75A(16.39％) in type 1,70AA(16.27%) in type 2, and 75B(13.72％) in type 3. This suggests that it is necessary to adjust for the production rate of brassieres.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-75
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• 2010

This study is done in Shanghai area by sample survey of female college students in their lower 20s. Through direct contact survey, this study collected and analyzed information on figure to understand feature of breasts and measurements of body to provide base information to improve product of brassiere for adult female in China. Data was analyzed by using SPSSWIN 13.0 Program and SAS 9.0. 1. From a result of factor analysis on 40 items of measures to derive the components of the shape of the breast, 6 factors were derived such as the factors to show the obesity of the bust, to show the ratio of the upper and lower area of the lower bust, droop and volume, to show the internal shape and broadness of the bust, to show the location and vertical size of the bust, to show the protrusion of the bust and the eternal shape of the bust. 2. From a result of classification on the shape of the breast of the Chinese women in their early 20s, 4 types were selected. Type 1 is the protrusion type that a woman has a broad drooped breast due to the development in the upper and lower parts of the chest as well as the highest height, a high degree of obesity in the bust part, big volume and much protrusion. Type 2 is the hemisphere type that the degree of obesity in the breast is second to Type 1 and a breast is located at a region higher than Type 1 as the degree of obesity in the breast is secondly highest, the lower part of the bust is bigger than the Type 1 and the degree of being broad and drooped is second to Type 1. Type 3 is the cone type with a breast of being drooped and broad a little bit and a certain degree of a volume. Type 4 is the flat type with the smallest value in the item that shows the obesity of the bust area and with the smallest value in the R$\ddot{o}$hrer index to have the small and slender body type for the bust area, which is somewhat flat due to a low slope at the internal side of the bust.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1385-1395
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• 2019

In this paper, we propose a method to fabricate a patient-specific breast implant using MRI images and 3D scan data. Existing breast implants for breast reconstruction surgery are primarily fabricated products for shaping, and among the limited types of implants, products similar to the patient's breast have been used. In fact, the larger the difference between the shape of the breast and the implant, the more frequent the postoperative side effects and the lower the satisfaction. Previous researches on the fabrication of patient-specific breast implants have used limited information based on only MRI images or on only 3D scan data. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for the fabrication of patient-specific breast implants that combines MRI images with 3D scan data, considering anatomical suitability for external shape, volume, and pectoral muscle. Experimental results show that we can produce precise breast implants using the proposed algorithm.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.15-35
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop brassiere pattern designed to fit the breast shapes based on ESMOD pattern. It has three quarters cup round shape and also consists of three parts; upper cup, lower cup, and wings. Breast types are classified into five shapes; ideal breast, flat breast, upper developed breast, lower developed breast, and projecting breast. Two subjects for each breast type wore the brassiere, and they evaluated the appearance and wearing twice. Type I for research pattern designed to fit into the breast shape reflecting details of breast size were assessed as superior to the divided commercial type. However, wings' tightness of Type I for research pattern brassiere was high. Thus, to improve wearing satisfaction, extra was added to wing. Based on the results of wearing experiments of Type I for research, we adjusted and modified Type II for research pattern. Subsequently, its appearance and wearing were evaluated, in order to be improved. For upper developed breast pattern, we extended the length of lower part to balance upper and lower part, as the upper part was somewhat long. The lower developed breast has the closest feature to the ideal breast, suggestive that implies it does not require much improvement Projecting breast pattern has minimal space in the lower part, so we added the support to lift them to be similar to the ideal breasts. For all the breast shapes, we reduced the wings' tightness from 8% to 7% so that we could extend the length of the wings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.791-801
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• 2012

We performed an assessment of wearing, purchasing, satisfaction, and the fit of brassieres according to body and breast type for college women to provide basic data on the manufacture of an ergonomic brassiere. The classifications of domed and conical breast type or projecting and conical breast type were unclear. Flat breast were dissatisfied with the shape of small and flat, and drooping breast were dissatisfied with the shape of big, projected, and drooping. In purchasing a brassiere, the majority of subjects were ignorant of their brassiere size, and over 80% of the subjects bought a brassiere without trying it on. Over 50% of those surveyed said they found it difficult to buy a well-fitted brassiere, particularly for the flat and drooping breast type. Over 70% of those surveyed wore a brassiere of 3/4 cup size, the slim body type wore a brassiere of 1/2 cup size; however, the obese body type wore a brassiere of full-cup size. The flat-breast or slim-body wore a brassiere of a thick pad type but projecting-breast or drooping breast wore brassiere of a thin pad type. Many of the subjects wore an unfitted brassiere in cup size and under bust size. In the classification of breast type, there were slight differences between the breast type that they recognized and the breast type that they were shown. There were distinctions in function, satisfaction, and fitness based on breast type. Therefore, the development of an ergonomic brassiere should considered the characteristics of breast type for fitness and comfort.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1141-1153
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• 2017

The wearing of the correction bra is very important to stabilize the shape of an implant after breast enlargement surgery; however, the verification of the wearing effect is insufficient. This study surveyed women who experienced breast augmentation surgery, to investigate wearing condition and satisfaction with bras worn immediately after surgery and during the recovery period as well as to collect basic data for the development of an improved patient bra. The study results are as follows. More than half of the respondents stated that they wear a cupless brassiere. As a result of the satisfaction by brassiere types, the cupless bra showed the highest satisfaction. The most important factor in choosing a patient's bra after breast augmentation surgery was the "degree of breast compression". Through the application of the results of this study, the necessity of development of the brassiere for breast enlargement patients with improved function and comfort was understood. It is therefore necessary to improve the function of holding the shape of the breast and applying appropriate pressure as well as designing the ventilated material without skin irritation that is superior to the existing brassieres.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.386-389
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• 2019

The development of breast implant technology continues to evolve over time, but changes in breast shape after implantation have not been fully elucidated. Thus, we performed computerized finite element analysis in order to better understand the trajectory of changes and stress variation after breast implantation. The finite element analysis of changes in breast shape involved two components: a static analysis of the position where the implant is inserted, and a dynamic analysis of the downward pressure applied in the direction of gravity during physical activity. Through this finite element analysis, in terms of extrinsic changes, it was found that the dimensions of the breast implant and the position of the top-point did not directly correspond to the trajectory of changes in the breast after implantation. In addition, in terms of internal changes, static and dynamic analysis showed that implants with a lower top-point led to an increased amount of stress applied to the lower thorax. The maximum stress values were 1.6 to 2 times larger in the dynamic analysis than in the static analysis. This finding has important implications for plastic surgeons who are concerned with long-term changes or side effects, such as bottoming-out, after anatomic implant placement.