• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.451-456
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) feeding levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) on the carcass characteristics, growth performance, serum cholesterol, and fatty acid in thigh of chicken meat. Two hundred broiler (Arbor Acre Broiler, male) were randomly assigned to five groups and were fed for five weeks and slaughtered. Thigh muscle was used for determining fatty acid composition. There was no significant difference in growth performance, such as weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion by CLA levels. Among carcass characteristics, percentage of carcass, thigh, breast, and drumstick was not influenced by the dietary CLA levels, but abdominal fat was significantly reduced with the increased CLA amount in the broilers diets (p<0.05). Higher CLA levels increased HDL-C and reduced total cholesterol and LDL-C (p<0.05). As the dietary CLA levels increased, muscular palmitic acid (saturated fatty acid) levels was increased, but the rates of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid (unsaturated fatty acid) were decreased. In addition. CLA isomers were linearly increased with the increase in dietary CLA levels (p<0.05). As a conclusion, 2% of CLA feeding is possible to maximize accumulation of CLA in meat, but changes in fatty acid composition is not profitable. Therefore, 1% of CLA feeding i,j considered to be proper for accumulation of CLA and minimization of the change in fatty acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.442-449
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• 1991

Concentrations of iron. zinc, and copper were measured in human milk samples collected longitudinally from 21 highly selected. healthy lactating women. And the daily milk and trace elements intakes of 14 exclusively breastfed infants were determined by the test-wei-ghing procedure and the direct analysis of milk samples at 6 or 7weeks postpartum. Significant decreases in iron. zinc and copper were found with time postpartum. Iron contents decreased from 0.33$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ at 2-5 days to o.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ at 12weeks. Zinc concentrations also declined from 4.15$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in colostrum to 2.33$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in matured milk at 12 weeks. Mean copper levels of colostum, transitional. and matured milk were 0.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 0.34$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, and 0.26$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively. Data indicated that the amount of milk ingested ranged from 432g/day to 1266g/day and the mean intake was 768g/day. Daily mean intakes for iron, zinc, and copper were 0.19mg, 2.10mg, and 0.15mq respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1930-1938
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• 2018

Objective: The present study attempted to determine safe and sufficient growth promoters in poultry feeding. Methods: A total of 520 seven-day-old quail chicks were randomly allotted to eight treatment groups in a $4{\times}2$ factorial design experiment to evaluate the effect of different levels of humic acid (HA) and black cumin (BC) seed and their interactions on growth, carcass traits, gut microbes, and blood chemistry of growing quails. Quails were randomly distributed into 8 groups in a $4{\times}2$ factorial design, included 4 HA levels (0, 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 g/kg diet) and 2 BC levels (0 or 5 g/ kg diet). Results: Increasing HA level associated with a gradual increase in final weight, feed intake and body weight gain along with an improvement in feed conversion ratio. Dietary addition of 5 g BC powder/kg diet gave similar results. The highest level of HA (2.25 g/kg diet) recorded the best values of carcass weight, breast yield, intestinal length, and intestinal weight comparing with the control and other HA levels. Total viable microbial counts decreased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of HA except the intermediate level (1.5 g/kg diet). The concentration of serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (excluding that 0.75 g HA) decreased (p<0.05) and high density lipoprotein increased (p = 0.034) along with increasing HA level. The interaction between the $2.25g\;HA{\times}5g$ gave the best results regarding most studied parameters. Conclusion: These findings indicated that HA combined with BC could be used as effective growth promoters, with the recommended level being 2.25 g HA+5 g BC/kg of quail diet.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2022

The effects of dietary exogenous hydrophilic emulsifiers on the growth, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of broilers were evaluated. A total of 200 one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to one of four treatment groups in a randomized complete block design in five replicates with 10 birds per pen during a 5-week growth experimental period. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet with or without the addition of 0.025, 0.050, or 0.075% exogenous hydrophilic emulsifiers. The diets contained 3,025 and 3,075 metabolizable energy/kg for Phases 1 and 2, respectively. For each phase and the overall experimental period, body weight gain (linear, P<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (linear, P<0.05) improved in proportion to the dietary exogenous hydrophilic emulsifier level, while the average daily feed intake was not affected by dietary treatment. Improvement in growth performance by dietary treatments was observed during the last two weeks rather than the first three weeks of the growth phase. In carcass traits, abdominal fat content increased as dietary exogenous hydrophilic emulsifier level increased (linear, P<0.05), whereas dietary emulsifier level did not affect the relative weight of the liver, breast, and leg muscles. In conclusion, addition of dietary exogenous hydrophilic emulsifiers from 0 to 0.075% in broiler diets improved the growth rate and feed efficiency of broilers without any deleterious effects on nutrient digestibility, although a corn-soybean meal-based diet had less energy content (3,025 and 3,075 metabolizable energy/kg) for 0-3 weeks and 3-5 weeks, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of reverse osmosis (RO)-treated deep sea water (DSW) supplementation on the quality characteristics of chicken breast meat. For 28 days, one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into two groups and supplemented with either water (control) or RO-treated DSW (diluted with deionized water at 1:20 [RO-treated DSW:deionized water] ratio). The control group was fed on a basal diet containing 0.21% salt. Five birds were slaughtered on each group and breast meat from carcasses was stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. The proximate composition, fatty acid composition, cholesterol content, mineral content, pH value, water-holding capacity and Warner-Bratzler shear force value were not affected by RO-treated DSW supplementation. At 6 day of storage, lipid oxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was significantly higher in RO-treated DSW group than in the control (P<0.05). With regard to meat color, CIE $L^*$ value was significantly lower in RO-treated DSW group than in the control after 6 day of storage (P<0.05), whereas CIE $a^*$ and $b^*$ values were not significantly different between two groups during storage. Consequently, RO-treated DSW supplementation led to a darker color and reduced the lipid oxidation stability in chicken meat during storage. Therefore, these results may indicate that RO-treated DSW can not be used as drinking water of chickens because it negatively affects the quality of chicken meat.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin C and Sea buckthorn on the performance, blood biochemistry and meat quality in old laying hens. A total 200 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (101 weeks old) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments : (1) Basal : basal diet, (2) Vit. C : basal diet + 0.1% vitamin C, (3) SB 0.1 : basal diet + 0.1% Sea buckthorn, (4) SB 0.5 : basal diet + 0.5% Sea buckthorn, and (5) SB 1.0 : basal diet + 1.0% Sea buckthorn. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 birds units were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 4 weeks under 16L:8D lighting regimen. The diets were fed to hens on an ad libitum basis for 4 weeks. Result indicated that during feeding trial of the experiment, hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio were not significantly influenced by treatments. However, feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Vit. C and SB treated groups than the basal during 1 wks and 3 wks. Egg weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in basal and Vit. C than the SB 1.0 treatment. There were no differences in carcass yield during feeding trials. However, partial ratio (breast and neck) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in SB 0.5 than other treatment. There were no differences in the level of leukocytes and erythrocytes. There were no significant differences on proximate analysis (DM, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash), meat color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and fatty acids concentrations. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of vitamin C and Sea buckthorn to the diet of old laying hens might be a potential ingredient for increasing partial weight (breast) in old laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2010

The present study has been performed to suggest a method to decrease the adverse effects of transportation on chicken meat quality. The groups were prepared as follows; Control group and three groups of treatments (sodium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate and magnesium sulfate). The chicken fed magnesium sulfate showed higher chicken meat quality compared to control and other treatment groups. Also, minor and severe PSE incidence of chicken breast was found at 88% in sodium phosphate group, 24% in sodium bicarbonate group and 56% in magnesium sulfate group. Control group showed 92% higher minor and severe PSE incidence of chicken breast compared to other groups. In control group, the external bruise of chicken showed 32% but 22, 24 and 44% in other treatment groups, respectively. Lightness ($L^*$) of chicken containing sodium phosphate treatment, sodium bicarbonate treatment and magnesium sulfate were 67.05, 66.27 and 65.89, while Lightness ($L^*$) of chicken containing control group was decreased of 67.88. In conclusion, dietary buffer material (sodium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate) under heat stress decreased adverse effects including death, wound or abnormality of chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.845-855
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• 2013

Requirements of dietary chloride (dCl) and chloride salts were determined by using $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement under four phase feeding program. Four levels (0.31, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.73%) and two sources ($NH_4Cl$ and $CaCl_2$) of the dCl were allocated to 1,472 chicks in eight dietary treatments in which each treatment was replicated four times with 46 birds per replicate. The four phase feeding program was comprised of four dietary phases: Prestarter (d 1 to 10), Starter (d 11 to 20), Grower (d 21 to 33) and Finisher (d 34 to 42); and diets were separately prepared for each phase. The cations, anions, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were analyzed in drinking water and were not affected by dietary treatments. BW gain (BWG; $p{\leq}0.009$) and feed:gain (FG; $p{\leq}0.03$) were improved in $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets during d 1 to 10. The maximum response of BWG and FG was observed at 0.38% and 0.42% dCl, respectively, for d 34 to 42. However, the level of dCl for BWG during d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.04$) and d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.009$) was optimized at 0.60% and 0.42%, respectively. The level of dCl for optimized feed intake (FI; $p{\leq}0.006$), FG ($p{\leq}0.007$) and litter moisture (LM; $p{\leq}0.001$) was observed at 0.60%, 0.38% and 0.73%, respectively, for d 1 to 42. Water intake (DWI) was not affected by increasing dCl supplementation (p>0.05); however, the ratio between DWI and FI (DWI:FI) was found highest at 0.73% dCl during d 1 to 10 ($p{\leq}0.05$) and d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.009$). Except for d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.006$), the increasing level of dCl did not result in a significant difference in mortality during any phase. Blood pH and glucose, and breast and thigh weights (percentage of dressed weight) were improved while dressing percentage (DP) and gastrointestinal health were exacerbated with $NH_4Cl$ as compared to $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Higher plasma $Na^+$ and $HCO_3{^-}$ and lower $Cl^-$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ were observed in $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Increasing supplementation of dCl increased plasma $Cl^-$ ($p{\leq}0.04$; quadratically) and linearly reduced plasma $K^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ ($p{\leq}0.003$), $HCO_3{^-}$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), and $Na^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratically). Consequently, higher requirements of dietary chloride are suggested for feed intake; nevertheless, lower levels of dietary chloride are sufficient to support optimal BWG and FG with increasing age. The $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ameliorate breast and thigh meat yield along with overall energy balance (glucose).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2005

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of level and feeding period of dietary Monascus culture on the performance and cholesterol content of serum and meat in broilers and growing ducks.0.0(C), 0.5(T1), 1.0(T2) and $1.5\%(T3)$ of iwonascus culture which contained 0.5% monacolin-k was added to commercial broiler diets, respectively, and ffd during 2~6 weeks of age in Experiment 1. In Experilnent 2, commercial broiler diet added $1.0\%$ of Monascus culture was fed during $6\~6(C),\;4\~6(T1),\;2\~6(T2)\;and\;0\~6(T3)$ weeks of age, respectively. Three replicates of 16 day-old broilers and 10 day-old growing ducks each were randomly assigned to floor pen, respectively. In Experiment 1, as the level of dietary Monascus culture increased, body weight and feed intake of broilers significantly decreased (P<0.05), whereas those of growing ducks tended to increase without significant differences among treatments. Feed/gain ratio both in broilers and growing ducks showed a trend to increase. Cholesterol contents of serum both in broilers and growing ducks significantly decreased(P<0.05), and those of breast and thigh meat tended to decrease as the level of dietary Monascus culture increased. In Experiment 2, as the feeding period of dietary Monascus culture increased, body weight gain(P<0.05) and feed intake of broilers tended to decrease whereas those of growing ducks increased without significant differences anions treatments. Feed/gain ratio also increased without significant differences. Cholesterol contents of serum both in broilers and growing ducks significantly decreased(P<0.05), and those of breast and thigh meat tended to decrease as the feeding period of dietary Monascus culture increased without significant differences.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.167-175
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• 2012

This study was undertaken to assess dietary CP and ME concentrations for optimum growth performance and carcass characteristics of Korean Native male ducks. In a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement, 1-d-old Korean Native male ducks were completely randomized design to experimental diets with 3,000, 2,900, and 2,800 kcal of ME/kg of diet; each contained 23, 22, and 21% CP, respectively, from 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, experimental diets had 3,100, 3,000, and 2,900 kcal of ME/kg of diet, and each contained 19, 18, and 17% CP, respectively. Each dietary treatment was replicated 4 times, and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight, feed intake and uniformity were measured at 3 wk and 8 wk, and carcass characteristics were evaluated at 8 wk. As CP increased from 21 to 23 %, the body weight, BW gain and feed conversion ratios (FCR) linearly improved (P<0.01) during 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, the body weight, feed intake, BW gain, FCR and uniformity were not different (P>0.05). Carcass ratios of birds fed 3,000 kcal of ME/kg diets from 3 to 8 wk of age were quadratically increased significantly (P<0.01). As ME and CP increased, respectively, relative weight of liver weight per 100 g of BW was linearly decreased (P<0.01). Relative weights of left breast, thigh and drumstick weight per 100 of BW were not different (P>0.05). Also, breast meat color, pH, cooking loss and shear force were not different (P>0.05). Thus, diets with 2,800 kcal of ME/kg and 23% CP or with 2,900 kcal of ME/kg and 17% CP at 0 to 3 wk and 4 to 8 wk, respectively, were used more efficiently. However, diets with 3,000 kcal of ME/kg at 4 to 8 wk in carcass rate was quadratically increased.