• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.230-239
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• 2020

Previous studies have shown disrupted synaptic plasticity and neural activity in depression. Such alteration is strongly associated with disrupted synaptic structures. Chronic stress has been known to induce changes in dendritic structure in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but antidepressant effect on structure of these brain areas has been unclear. Here, the effects of imipramine on dendritic spine density and morphology in BLA and mPFC subregions of stressed mice were examined. Chronic restraint stress caused depressive-like behaviors such as enhanced social avoidance and despair level coincident with differential changes in dendritic spine structure. Chronic stress enhanced dendritic spine density in the lateral nucleus of BLA with no significant change in the basal nucleus of BLA, and altered the proportion of stubby or mushroom spines in both subregions. Conversely, in the apical and basal mPFC, chronic stress caused a significant reduction in spine density. The proportion of stubby or mushroom spines in these subregions overall reduced while the proportion of thin spines increased after repeated stress. Interestingly, most of these structural alterations by chronic stress were reversed by imipramine. In addition, structural changes caused by stress and blocking the changes by imipramine were corelated well with altered activation and expression of synaptic plasticity-promoting molecules such as phospho-CREB, phospho-CAMKII, and PSD-95. Collectively, our data suggest that imipramine modulates stress-induced changes in synaptic structure and synaptic plasticity-promoting molecules in a coordinated manner although structural and molecular alterations induced by stress are distinct in the BLA and mPFC.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.211-228
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• 2013

Objectives : This report describes the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of Collaborative Practice between Korean Traditional Medicine and Western Medicine for two dementia patients. Furthermore, through these cases, we suggest a model of collaborative practice between Korean traditional medicine and western medicine for the treatment of dementia. Methods : Two patients suffering from several symptoms related to dementia received collaborative practice between Korean traditional medicine and western medicine. Physicians of deparment which paient first visit interviewed patient and patient's guardians, discussed the symptoms and the status of the patient. Since then, the medical team made a differential diagnosis based on the results of brain imaging, hematology, urine test. and apprehended the status of dementia by the neuropsychological test. Korean traditional physicians examined the physical symptoms and identified the pattern of dementia in Korean traditional medicine. Following this, they decided on the method of acupuncture, moxibustion, cupping and herbal treatment. Western physicians decided on the type of medication after consideration of the patient's other medical conditions. Every intervention was decided by both Korean traditional physicians and western physicians after discussion. The medical team provided education on dementia and counseled the guardians. They also wrote the paper for using the long-term care insurance for the aged. Results : Two patients showed no improvement on the neuropsychologic and activity of daily living tests. However, the patients' subjective physical symptoms were improved. The collaborative practice between Korean traditional medicine and western medicine improved the patients' and guardians' satisfaction. Conclusions : Through these cases, we propose a model of collaborative practice between Korean traditional medicine and western medicine for dementia categorized diagnosis-test, treatment, prevention, management. More specifically, we supplement qigong and psychotherapy which was inadequate in these cases.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.592-597
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• 1997

During the screening of inhibitors against phospholipase C (PLC) and the formation of inositol phosphates (IP$_{t}$) at NIH3T3${\gamma}$1 cells from microbial secondary metabolites, we selected a fungal strain MT60109 which was capable of producing an inhibitor. By the taxonomic studies, this fungus was identified as Pseudallescheria sp. MT60109 and an inhibitor of PLC was purified by BuOH extraction and chromatographic techniques from the culture broth of Pseudallescheria sp. MT60109. The inhibitor was identified as thielavin B by the physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic analysis of UV, FAB-MS, $^{1}$H, $^{13}$C-NMR, $^{1}$H-$^{1}$H COSY and HMBC. Thielavin B showed potent inhibitory activity against PLC purified from bovine brain with an IC$_{50}$ of 20 $\mu$M. And it also inhibited the formation of inositol phosphates in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) -stimulated NIH3T3${\gamma}$1 cells with an IC$_{50}$ of 20 $\mu$M.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.181-184
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 시각자극에 의하여 안구 운동 시 뇌의 학습, 인지, 집중력을 활성화시키기 위하여 무한대 회로($\infty$)를 이용하여 연구를 수행하였다. 뇌파 유도를 하기 위한 무한대 회로($\infty$)는 LED 모양을 하고 있으며 이것을 실행시키기 위하여 LabView 프로그램을 사용하였다. 시각자극을 제시하기 위하여 LED의 수를 각각 26, 51, 101개로 구분하였고 점멸 시간은 50, 150, 250㎳로 하였다. 시각 자극 제시 조건의 변화에 의하여 유도되는 뇌파를 Fz, Cz, Pz, Fpl, O1, O2 부위에서 측정한 결과 LED의 수가 적고 점멸 시간이 길어질수록 $\beta$파의 비율이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이 결과는 LED의 점멸 움직임의 불연속적인 요인에 의하여 $\beta$파의 비율이 증가했을 것이라 생각한다. 본 연구를 통하여 얻어진 결론을 역이용하여 원하는 뇌파를 유도할 수 있는 시각 제시 방법이 완성되어 진다면, 이는 뇌기능 장애 환자의 재활이나 학습 장애의 아동에게 있어 효과적인 방법이 될 것이다.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Objectives : Allergic children have known to have multiple behavior problems. Among them, attentional ability disorder is one of the most common problems. This study is to examine relationship between learning ability and allergic rhinitis by analyzing EEG status of children. Methods : We analyzed cognitive functions of two different children groups; 21 children with allergic rhinitis and 19 normal children with CANS 3000(Central & Autonomic Nervous System, LAXTHA Inc., Korea), cognitive functions assessment program by EEG. Results : 1. According to mean active EEG rhythm of Theta, Alpha, SMR, M-beta, there were no significant difference between allergic rhinitis and the normal group. 2. According to mean active EEG rhythm of right H-beta, Gamma wave allergic rhinitis group's value was significantly higher than that of the normal group. 3. According to mean cognitive strength, response, concentration, left / right brain activity and learning ability score, there were no significant difference between allergic rhinitis and the normal group. 4. According to mean workload score, allergic rhinitis group's value was significantly higher than that of the normal group. Conclusions : It is likely that allergic rhinitis group, which showed relatively high frequency EEG rhythm, is more fragile to stress and less active on mental processing. Along side with physical examination, psychological assessment should also be conjugated on treating children with allergic rhinitis.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.348-358
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• 2009

Diffuse axonal injury(DAI) is a common form of traumatic brain injury and thought to be a major contributor to cognitive dysfunction. Physical activity has been shown to beneficial effects on physical health and influences in hippocampus which is an important location for memory and learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of motor training on motor performance and axonal regeneration in hippocampus through the immunoreactivity of GAP-43 after diffuse axonal injury in the rats. The experimental groups were applied motor training(beam-walking, rotarod, and Morris water maze) but control groups were not. The time performing the motor tasks and GAP-43 immunohistochemistry were used for the result of axonal recovery. There were meaningful differences between experimental groups and control groups on motor performance and GAP-43 immunohistochemistry. The control groups showed increasing tendency with the lapse of time, but experimental groups showed higher. Therefore, Motor training after DAI improve motor outcomes which are associated with dynamically altered immunoreactivity of GAP-43 in axonal injury regions, particularly hippocampus, and that is related with axonal regeneration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 1972

This study was designed to observe the effect of ethanol extracts from fish flour on the nucleic acid metabolism in rats. Young rats, weighing 75-85g were used as the experimental animals and diet used were 8 kinds; diet supplemented with 10% fish flour, diets which were supplemented with the extracts and or remainders of fish flour after extracting by either 76% or 96% ethanol to the rice diet, respectively, and diet supplemented with 6% casein. After feeding corresponding diet for 40 days, RNA and DNA contents, and DNase activities in the liver, kidney and braid were determined. The results obtaioed from this study are summarized as follows: 1. The RNA contents of the ethanol-treatment groups are, in the liver and kidney, similar to, and in the brain, generally higher than, that of the control group. 2. The DNA contents of each organ show no difference between ethanol-treatment groups and control group, but in the liver, of ethanol extrat groups are lower than casein group. 3. the DNase activity of each organ in the ethanol-treatmeut groups, is generally lower than the control group. The above results indicate that ethanol extracts from fish flour have influence on the nucleic acid metabolism.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1180-1188
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• 2017

Neuronatin (NNAT) is known to regulate ion channels during brain development and plays a role in maintaining the structure of the nervous system. A previous in silico analysis showed that Nnat was overexpressed in the adipose tissue of an obese rodent model relative to the wild type. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the function of Nnat in the adipose tissue. Because obesity is known to systemically induce low-grade inflammation, the Nnat expression level was examined in the adipose tissue obtained from C57BL/6 mice administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Unexpectedly, the Nnat expression level decreased in the white adipose tissue after LPS administration. To determine the role of NNAT in inflammation, 3T3-L1 cells overexpressing Nnat were treated with LPS. The level of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and the activity of $NF-{\kappa}B$ luciferase decreased following LPS treatment. These results indicate that NNAT plays an anti-inflammatory role in the adipose tissue.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.353-361
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• 2005

The interaction of cyclosporine A (CsA), an immunosuppressant, with rat brain Kv1.5 (Kv1.5) channels, which were stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, was investigated using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. CsA reversibly blocked Kv1.5 currents at +50 mV in a reversible concentrationdependent manner with an apparent $IC_{50}$ of 1.0μM. Other calcineurin inhibitors (cypermethrin, autoinhibitory peptide) had no effect on Kv1.5 and did not prevent the inhibitory effect of CsA. Fast application of CsA led to a rapid and reversible block of Kv1.5, and the onset time constants of the CsA-induced block were decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The CsA-induced block of Kv1.5 channels was voltage-dependent, with a steep increase over the voltage range of channel opening. However, the block exhibited voltage independence over the voltage range in which channels were fully activated. The rate constants for association and dissociation of CsA were $7.0{\mu}M{-1}s^{-1}$ and $8.1s^{-1}$, respectively. CsA slowed the deactivation time course, resulting in a tail crossover phenomenon. Block of Kv1.5 by CsA was use-dependent. CsA also blocked Kv1.3 currents at +50 mV in a reversible concentration-dependent manner with an apparent $IC_{50}$ of $1.1{\mu}M$. The same effects of CsA on Kv1.3 were also observed in excised inside-out patches when applied to the internal surface of the membrane. The present results suggest that CsA acts directly on Kv1.5 currents as an open-channel blocker, independently of the effects of CsA on calcineurin activity.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2000

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal hormone which plays an important role in satiety and gastric motility. It is also widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, where it appears to be involved in the central control of anxiety, feeding behavior and nociception. Two distinct CCK receptor types, $CCK_A$ and $CCK_B,$ have been found in the brain. Both CCK receptors coexist in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), which is the primary center for the coordination of peripheral and central activities related to gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and respiratory functions. In order to study ionic actions of CCK on each type of receptor, we investigated the effects of CCK-8S on neurons located in the NTS of the rat using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brainstem slices. Application of CCK-8S, under current clamp, produced a membrane depolarization accompanied by action potential firing. This CCK-evoked excitation was dose-dependent $(10\;nM{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$ and observed in more than 60% of NTS neurons. Under voltage clamp conditions, CCK-8S induced an inward current with a notably increased spontaneous excitatory synaptic activity. However, CCK-8S did not significantly change the amplitude of pharmacologically isolated and evoked EPSP(C)s. Using selective $CCK_A$ and $CCK_B$ receptor antagonists, we observed two different effects of CCK-8S, which suggest $CCK_A$ receptor-mediated inhibitory and $CCK_B$ receptor-mediated excitatory effects in the NTS. These results may help to explain the ability of CCK to modulate gastrointestinal and other reflex systems in the NTS.