• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.348-358
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate brain activation pattern and functional connectivity network during experimental design on the biological phenomena. Twenty six right-handed healthy science teachers volunteered to be in the present study. To investigate participants' brain activities during the tasks, 3.0T fMRI system with the block experimental-design was used to measure BOLD signals of their brain and SPM2 software package was applied to analyze the acquired initial image data from the fMRI system. According to the analyzed data, superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, and bilateral cerebellum were significantly activated during participants' carrying-out experimental design. The network model was consisting of six nodes (ROIs) and its six connections. These results suggested the notion that the activation and connections of these regions mean that experimental design process couldn't succeed just a memory retrieval process. These results enable the scientific experimental design process to be examined from the cognitive neuroscience perspective, and may be used as a basis for developing a teaching-learning program for scientific experimental design such as brain-based science education curriculum.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.751-758
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate brain activation pattern and functional connectivity network during classification on the biological phenomena. Twenty six right-handed healthy science teachers volunteered to be in the present study. To investigate participants' brain activities during the tasks, 3.0T fMRI system with the block experimental-design was used to measure BOLD signals of their brain. According to the analyzed data, superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, and bilateral cerebellum were significantly activated during participants' carrying-out classification. The network model was consisting of six nodes (ROIs) and its fourteen connections. These results suggested the notion that the activation and connections of these regions mean that classification is consist of two sub-network systems (top-down and bottom-up related) and it functioning reciprocally. These results enable the examination of the scientific classification process from the cognitive neuroscience perspective, and may be used as basic materials for developing a teaching-learning program for scientific classification such as brain-based science education curriculum in the science classrooms.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.428-434
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• 2012

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease showing a symptom of repeated seizures without any other physical disorders. Among the diagnostic examination for epilepsy, the electroencephalogram (EEG) has been known as an important test. This study aimed to investigate the EEG with photic stimulation in the pediatric epilepsy patients. They underwent digital sleep and waking EEGs or waking EEGs with photic stimulation. Epilepsy type, seizure history, and season of occurring seizure were analyzed. Epilepsy patients showed more response during the period of photic-on and eye close at the frequency of 10~20 Hz during the EEG activation procedure. Photoparoxysmal response (PPR) was shown in 206 patients out of total 1,551 epilepsy patients. PPR was appeared more frequently during summer and winter seasons, and especially in the patients who had a history of seizure. During the PPR, EEG pattern showed spike (77.18%), theta (9.71%), and spike + theta (13.11%). On the other hand, beta and theta waves were not significantly changed by photic stimulation. However, alpha wave was decreased and delta wave was increased by photic stimulation (P<0.05). These changes may be due to temporarily altered electrophysiological function of the epileptic patient's brain by the photic stimulation. There was no difference in the EEG pattern between the left and right side in the brain. In conclusion, condition of photic-on with closed eyes and frequency of 10~20 Hz during the procedure of EEG activation could be appropriate for obtaining a definite photoparoxysmal response in the electroencephalogram of the pediatric epilepsy patients.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-1
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• pp.106-107
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• 2003

tIn brain ischemic insult, inflammatory cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes are chemo-attracted into the brain lesion and release cytokines, resulting in an activation of microglia that are functionally equivalent to peripheral macrophages in the central nervous system. In cerebral ischemic insults, activated inflammatory cells such as microglia and macrophages may be implicated in the pattern and degree of ischemic injury by producing various bioactive mediators. (omitted)

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2009

Recent studies suggest a novel role of $HIF-1{\alpha}$ under nonhypoxic conditions, including antibacterial and antiviral innate immune responses. However, the identity of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern which triggers $HIF-1{\alpha}$ activation during the antiviral response remains to be identified. Here, we demonstrate that cellular administration of double-stranded nucleic acids, the molecular mimics of viral genomes, results in the induction of $HIF-1{\alpha}$ protein level as well as the increase in $HIF-1{\alpha}$ target gene expression. Whole-genome DNA microarray analysis revealed that double-stranded nucleic acid treatment triggers induction of a number of hypoxia-inducible genes, and induction of these genes are compromised upon siRNA-mediated $HIF-1{\alpha}$ knock-down. Interestingly, $HIF-1{\alpha}$ knock-down also resulted in down-regulation of a number of genes involved in antiviral innate immune responses. Our study demonstrates that $HIF-1{\alpha}$ activation upon nucleic acid-triggered antiviral innate immune responses plays an important role in regulation of genes involved in not only hypoxic response, but also immune response.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2009

Purpose: Human brain was lateralized to dominant or non-dominant hemisphere, and could be reorganized by the processing of the motor learning. We reported four cases which showed the changes of the cortical activation patterns resulting from two weeks of training with the serial reaction time task. Methods: Four right-handed healthy subjects were recruited, who was equally divided to two training conditions (right hand training or left hand training). They were assigned to train the serial reaction time task for two weeks, which should press the corresponding four colored buttons as fast as accurately as possible when visual stimulus was presented. Before and after two weeks of training, reaction time and function magnetic resonance image (fMRI) was acquired during the performance of the same serial reaction time task as the training. Results: The reaction time was significantly decreased in all of subjects after training. Our fMRI result showed that widespread bilateral activation at the pre scanning was shifted toward the focused activation on the contralateral hemisphere with progressive motor learning. However, the bilateral activation was still remained during the performance of the non-dominant hand. Conclusion: These findings showed that the repetitive practice of the serial reaction time task led to increase the movement speed and accuracy, as described by motor learning. Such motor learning induced to change the cortical activation pattern. And, the changed pattern of the cortical activation resulting from motor learning was different each other in accordance with the hand dominance.

• 한국인지과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국인지과학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.59-60
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• 2006

To date, there has been minimal researchregarding the cerebral activation of Korean language. There need the database for Korean language that is quite different from alphabetic system. This study examined the brain activation of picture naming, word reading, picture-word matching, and semantic categorization in Korean language. Moreover, we investigated the cortical activation pattern according to semantic demand for the above tasks.

• 감성과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.585-592
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• 2012

음식물 섭취는 영양상태의 유지와 생존을 위해 필요하며, 미각은 가장 기본적인 감각 중의 하나이다. 맛을 느끼는 미각세포는 다섯 가지 기본 맛(단맛, 쓴맛, 짠맛, 신맛, 감칠맛)에 대해 반응한다. 그러나 뇌에서 맛감각의 처리과정과 미각피질의 조직화된 원리에 대한 이해는 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 최근 기능적 자기공명영상(fMRI), 뇌자도(MEG), 광영상(optical imaging)을 이용하여 미각 자극에 대한 뇌의 반응들을 영상화하는 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 뇌 활성 변화를 관찰할 수 있는 이들 뇌 영상 기법들은 서로 직접적인 비교 데이터를 제공하지는 못하지만, 이러한 기법들은 상호 보완적이다. 따라서 이러한 기법들을 이용한 데이터들의 상호비교는 미각 자극에 대해 반응하는 뇌의 시간-공간적인 활성 패턴 변화를 이해하는데 많은 도움을 준다. 본 연구는 감각 및 감성적 측면에서의 미각 자극에 따른 뇌의 정보처리에 있어서 미각영역의 활성화에 관한 영상매핑에 대해 최근까지 밝혀진 결과들과 연구동향을 소개하고자 한다. 미각 자극에 따른 뇌의 영상 변화를 관찰하여 구조해부학적 지도를 만드는 것은 매우 복잡한 미각의 신경회로망을 이해하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2007

이 연구는 생물학자들이 생물학 현상에서 과학적 의문을 생성할 때 나타나는 두뇌의 활성을 분석하고자했다. 이를 위해서 10개의 의문 생성 과제를 개발하여 8명의 생물학자들에 투입하였고, 의문 생성 과정에서 fMRl를 통해 생물학자들의 두뇌 활성을 측정하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 방추이랑, 전안구운동 영역, 소뇌, 좌측 전두엽, 좌우측 해마와 대상이랑, 복외측전 두피질부 등이 특징적으로 활성화되었다. 이것은 과학적 의문을 생성하는 과정에서 생물학자들의 뇌는 주어진 생물학 현상을 상세히 분석하였고, 언어적 전략을 사용하였으며, 현재의 현상과 비교하기 위해서 과거의 경험상황과 선지식 등의 장기기억을 인출하고 표상했다고 할 수 있다. 특히 복외측전 두피질부의 활성은 의문 생성 과정에서 뇌가 인지적 갈등 및 부조화 단계를 거쳤음을 보여주었다고 할 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.461-465
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• 2015

Microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, can rapidly respond to pathological insults. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a pattern recognition receptor that plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. Although many previous studies have suggested that TLR2 contributes to microglial activation and subsequent pathogenesis following brain tissue injury, it is still unclear whether TLR2 has a role in microglia dynamics in the resting state or in immediate-early reaction to the injury in vivo. By using in vivo two-photon microscopy imaging and $Cx3cr1^{GFP/+}$ mouse line, we first monitored the motility of microglial processes (i.e. the rate of extension and retraction) in the somatosensory cortex of living TLR2-KO and WT mice; Microglial processes in TLR2-KO mice show the similar motility to that of WT mice. We further found that microglia rapidly extend their processes to the site of local tissue injury induced by a two-photon laser ablation and that such microglial response to the brain injury was similar between WT and TLR2-KO mice. These results indicate that there are no differences in the behavior of microglial processes between TLR2-KO mice and WT mice when microglia is in the resting state or encounters local injury. Thus, TLR2 might not be essential for immediate-early microglial response to brain tissue injury in vivo.