• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.442-448
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• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality characteristics of the vacuum packed pre-aged venison with seasoning during chilled storage. The ham of deer were cut to cube and two seasonings such as red pepper sauce (T1) or soy sauce (T2) were seasoned by the proportions or meat to seasonings (1:1), respectively. The seasoned venison was aging by fill into plastic box at $0\pm1^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. And then, the aged meat from each pack was vacuum-packaged and stored at $0\pm1^{\circ}C$ for up to 28 days. pH were significantly decreased with storage periods in all treatments (p<0.05). Salinity $(\%)$ were no significant differences in T1 during the whole storage, but T2 had significantly high content $(1.33\%)$ at the storage days of 28 (p<0.05). Saccarinity $(\%)$ of T1 were significantly higher than that of T2 during the whole storage periods (p<0.05). As storage time extended the value of $L^*$ and $b^*$ in T1 were increased and those values decreased in T2. $a^*$ and shear force $(g/cm^2)$ or T1 and T2 were increased as the storage period passed In the result of sensory evaluation. all treatment had relatively high score $(T1\;6.75\~T2\;7.00)$ in overall acceptability during the storage period of 28 days. In conclusion, this study suggest that vacuum packed pre-aged venison with seasoning may be useful for new deer meat menu.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.479-489
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• 2008

Statement of the problem: Under anatomical limitations on maxillary posterior region, a poor crown-to root ratio acting on dental implants can result in undesirable stress in surrounding bone, which in turn can cause bone defects and eventual failure of implants. Purpose: The purpose is to compare stress distribution due to different crown-root ratio and effect of splinting between natural teeth and implants in maxillary molar area under different loads. Material and methods: Analysis of stress arising supporting bone of the natural teeth and the implant was made with 3-dimensional finite element method. The model simulated naturel teeth was made with 2nd premolar and 1st molar in the maxillary molar region (Model T). The model simulated implants placed on same positions with two parallel implants of Straumann Dental Implant cemented abutment (Model I). Each model was designed in different crown-root ratio (0.7:1, 1:1, 1.25:1) and set cement type gold crown to make it non-splinted or splinted. After that, 300 N force was loaded to each model in five ways (Load 1: middle of occlusal table, Load 2: middle of buccal cusp, Load 3: middle of lingual cusp, Load 4: horizontal load to buccal cusp of anterior abutment only, Load 5: horizontal load to middle of buccal cusp of each abutment), and stress distribution was analyzed. Results and conclusion: On all occasions, stress was concentrated at the cervical region of the implant. Under load 1, 2 and 3, stress was not increased even when crown-root ratio increases, but under load 4 and 5, when crown-root ratio increases, stress also increased. There was difference in stress values between natural teeth and implants when crown-root ratio gradually increases; In case of natural teeth, splinting decreased stress under vertical and horizontal loads. In case of implants, splinting decreased stress under vertical loads 1,2 and 3, but increased maximal stress under loads 2 and 3. Under horizontal loads, splinting decreased stress, however the effect of splinting decreased under load 5 than load 4. Furthermore, the stress was increased, when crown-root ratio is 1.25:1. Clinical implications: This limited finite element study suggests that the stress on supporting bone may be increased under non-axial loads and poor crown-root ratio. Under poor crown-root ratio, excessive stress was generated at the cervical region of the implant, and decreased splinting effect for stress distribution, which can be related to clinical failure.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.438-446
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of composite resin($Z250^{(R)}$) and compomer(Dyract AP) cured with various curing lights(Elipar $TriLight^{(R)}$, $Flipo^{(R)}$, and Elipar FreeLight $2^{(R)}$). Box-shaped class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted human third molars. The sectioned specimens were evaluated for dye penetration and following results were obtained. 1. Regarding microleakage in the enamel margin with different curing light sources, there was no significant difference in Dyract AP whereas $Z250^{(R)}$ with $Flipo^{(R)}$ showed higher microleakage score than those of FreeLight $2^{(R)}$ or $TriLight^{(R)}$(p<0.05). 2. Regarding microleakage in the dentin margin with curing light sources, there were no significant differences in both Dyract AP and $Z250^{(R)}$(p>0.05). 3. Regarding microleakage in the enamel margin with filling materials. there were no significant differences in both filling materials with $Flipo^{(R)}$ whereas $Z250^{(R)}$ showed less microleakage than Dyract AP with FreeLight $2^{(R)}$ or $TriLight^{(R)}$ (p<0.05). 4. Regarding microleakage in the dentin margin with filling materials, there wer no significant differences in both filling materials with $TriLight^{(R)}$ whereas $Z250^{(R)}$ showed less microleakage than Dyract AP with FreeLight $2^{(R)}$ or $Flipo^{(R)}$ (p<0.05). 5. Enamel margin showed less microleakage than dentin margin when filled with Dyract AP and cured with $Flipo^{(R)}$ or FreeLight $2^{(R)}$ (p<0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences between the enamel and the dentin in the rest groups. This study suggested that $Z250^{(R)}$ showed lower microleakage score than Dyract AP. and that $Flipo^{(R)}$ showed higher microleakage score than FreeLight $2^{(R)}$ and $TriLight^{(R)}$ in the enamel margin filled with $Z250^{(R)}$.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 1995

Root uptakes of $^{54}Mn,\;^{60}Co,\;^{85}Sr\;and\;^{137}Cs$ by rice were studied through a greenhouse experiment in which the upper 20 cm of the culture box was filled with an acidic loamy-sandy soil and a mixed solution of the radionuclides was applied to the surface water on the soil 2 days before, and 5 different times after, transplanting. Percent uptakes of the radionuclides to rice tops varied $3.4{\sim}13.7%,\;0.03{\sim}0.1%,\;0.6{\sim}1.5%,\;0.02{\sim}0.15%$, respectively, with application time. Among radionuclides, soil-to-plant transfer factors decreased, on the whole, in the order of $^{54}Mn>^{85}Sr>^{60}Co{\geq}^{137}Cs$, and among plant parts, in the order of straw > chaff > hulled seed. Transfer factors $(m^2/kg-dry)$ in hulled seed were, depending on application time, $1.2{\times}10^3{\sim}5.0{{\times}10^3\;for\;^{54}Mn,\;1.6{\times}10^5{\sim}2.6{\times}10^4\;for\;^{60}Co,\;1.1{\times}10^4{\sim}7.6{\times}10^4\;for\;^{85}Sr\;and\;5.2{\times}10^5{\sim}7.0{\times}10^4\;for\;^{137}Cs$. The highest factors of all the radionuclides in straw came from the application at 67 days after transplanting while those of $^{54}Mn,\;^{60}Co\;and\;^{85}Sr$ in hulled seed appeared at later applications. The data from this studv can be referred to in assessing the radiological impact of an accidental contamination during the rice growth.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2011

In order to confirm feasibility of MOSFET modality in use of in.vivo dosimetry, evaluation of gonad shielding in order to minimize gonadal dose of patients undergoing radiotherapy by using MOSFET modality was performed. Gonadal dose of patients undergoing radiotherapy for rectal cancer in the department of radiation oncology of Seoul National University Hospital since 2009 was measured. 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams emitted from Varian 21EX LINAC were used for radiotherapy. In order to minimize exposed dose caused by the scattered ray not only from collimator of LINAC but also from treatment region inside radiation field, we used box.shaped lead shielding material. The shielding material was made of the lead block and consists of $7.5\; cm\;{\times}\;9.5\;cm\;{\times}5.5\;cm$ sized case and $9\;cm\;{\times}\;9.5\;cm\;{\times}\;1\;cm$ sized cover. Dosimetry for evaluation of gonad shielding was done with MOSFET modality. By protecting with gonad shielding material, average gonadal dose of patients was decreased by 23.07% compared with reference dose outside of the shielding material. Average delivered gonadal dose inside the shielding material was 0.01 Gy. By the result of MOSFET dosimetry, we verified that gonadal dose was decreased by using gonad shielding material. In compare with TLD dosimetry, we could measure the exposed dose easily and precisely with MOSFET modality.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.147-211
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• 1995

Medication is a kind of medical service and a therapeutic nursing function which takes large portion of nursing service and requires complicated procedures. So many different medical personnel should be involved and cooporate each other in order to accomplish medication. Medication is also a vital nursing service, So nurse feels heavy responsibi lity in that she gives medication to the patient finally, so she has much responsibility if medication error is happened. Therefore it seems very important to clarify the problem of medication system and method, and find the subculture of medication situation because it may promote nursing productivity. The study was conducted to 1. Describe and interpret medication situation. 2. Find out the problem of medication system and method and on alternatives. 3. Compare the medication system and method of hospitals which are located in Seoul with object hospital Ethnographic methodology was used to study medication situation by doing participant observation and interview of health care personnel. Ten nurses and three nurse aids were interviewed. Two residents and internists, two phamacists and two accountants were also interviewed. Data was obtained and analized according to Developmental Research Sequence introduced by Spradly. On the basis of this data the results were as follows. 1. The overall flow of medication system was devided into six stage : first, checking doctor's order : second writing doctor's order, : third, transfering slip into the related departments such as account department, pharmacy : fourth, distribution of medication from pharmacy to unit : fifth, identifing medication by nurses : and finally, medicating to the patient. Behaviorors have been under a lot of stress in that they have to do much works, especially paperworks, So too much time were needed. They also have been suffered interpersonal conflicts among health care personnel and role conflicts in the process of doing medication service. 2. In the process of checking order, the problem was that too much time was required for checking order and paperwork. The more the order changes the more the paperwork is. Nurses have been suffering difficulties in calling internist in order to get bill. Even if writing down slip for medication order is doctor's job, Sometimes nurse has been expected to write slip by doctors or nurse would write slip beacuse of two much complexities and efforts for calling doctors. If the slip were incorrect, much time complicated procedures were more required for correcting it. So delay of administering drug would be resulted consequently. Drugs were delivered from pharmacy to units by delivery agent and phamacist. But because drugs were delivered without arranging room number of patient. Nurse should rearrange drugs in order of the room number So it had made waste time and effort, and Even when emergency drugs were needed, Prompt delivery of drug was not easy because of many reasons. For nurses, it took too long in the identification of the right drug. Actually nurses have heavy burden when medication error happens because nurse is the final actor who gives medication to the patient, So every three shift nurse ought to check drugs as soon as every shift begins. That's why it took too much time due to repeated confirming procedure. When nurses had to go patient room in order to give medications, there were difficulties in watching patient until the patient take medicine correctly. So it was impossible to check every patient wheather he took medicine or not especially in hectic situation. 3. There were many hospitals in Seoul which have similar medication system and method as object hospital according to the results of questionaire. This means that many hospitals have been suffering srimilar problems which were identified in object hospital. 4. Recommendations for promoting simplification of medication system and method were the following : Redesigning of slip from two pieces of paper into one : early discharge announcement system, and slip confirming through computer and controlling of period of prescreption from one day to two or three days : designing personal drug storage box for each patient and using it. If nurses follow the recommendations, they will make medication short & simple, and also have enough time of direct nursing care 5. Even though there were many difficulties in medicating patients. Medication itself has been considered as a caring among nurses because it makes rapport between nurse and patient. So nurses had better accept medication as a portion of nusing service not a original portion of phamacist. There are some limits in this research in terms of confining to only one unit of one hospital, and treating it especially in view of nurses' aspects, So further researchs should be continnued from various kmds of viewpoints of doctors, phamacists and so on. ${\cdot\cdot\cdot}$. Especially esthnographic study of computerized medication system and method seems to be followed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 2017

This study was conducted to find out the effects of $CO_2$ fertilization (1,000ppm) on the quality and storability of 'Maehyang' strawberry fruits. Qualities such as firmness, soluble solid, and acidity of strawberry fruits showed higher numbers in those treated with $CO_2$ fertilization compared to those after harvest. Strawberry fruits were stored at $8^{\circ}C$; MA condition using $20,000cc{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}day^{-1}{\cdot}atm^{-1}$ OTR (oxygen transmission rate) films and conventional condition using unsealed PE box stored for 20 and 10 days, respectively. Fresh weight loss rate was less than 1.0% in MA storage regardless of $CO_2$ fertilization treatment. Concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene in OTR films did not show any significant difference between $CO_2$ fertilization treatment and control (nontreatment) during storage. $CO_2$ fertilization treatments maintained higher firmness after storage regardless of storage methods, but soluble solid, acidity, and surface color did not differ among the treatments. Visual quality and off-flavor based on sensory evaluation was the highest in $CO_2$ fertilization treated strawberry and stored at a MA condition, and was the lowest in $CO_2$ fertilization treated strawberry and those stored in a conventional condition, respectively. The fungal incidence rate of strawberry fruits showed less in $CO_2$ fertilization treatment than control during both MA and conventional storage. These results suggest that $CO_2$ fertilization can improve firmness, increase visual quality after harvest and storage at $8^{\circ}C$, and the MA storage method enhances the shelf-life of 'Maehyang' strawberry fruits.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.59-68
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• 2015

It's important to analyse effects of word of mouth for making its impact higher in performance of motions pictures. And it's required to combine variety sales activities like free gift, promotion goods and price discount with word of mouth for the box office of film. The purpose of this study is to compare between groups classified by demographic characteristic into effects from word of mouth and methods of sales promotion in intention of watching film. On the other hand existing studies on sales activity and word of mouth were one-sided in theoretical background, a meaning of this study is theorizing a social phenomenon about sales promotion of movie giving actual examples that currently are effected by production company, Movie theaters, distribution company and affiliated company. For this purpose, it conducted a survey targeting 500 students in B university in Seoul city and 379 answers got received, and it proceeded this study with 369 answers except 10 inaccurate ones. Creating questionnaires with Likert 5 point scale, it decided that case of substantial inclination was 5 points and inverse one is 1 point. Doing analysis T and ANOVA according to male and female, kinds of major study and number of average monthly watching movie, it analysed the test results after comparison analysis between classified group. The results are summarized as follows: First, offering premiums is more effective by masculine than feminine, but situation of free gift is an opposite result. Second, there are no differences of effects word of mouth and methods of sales promotion by majority departments. Third, there are much differences between groups classified by average number of watching film in a month into effects from word of mouth and methods of sales promotion. Group of watching film more 3 times in a month is more effective than the other groups in intension of watching film by word of mouth. Fourth, word of mouth is great factor to increase intention of watching film and second one is discount on the price.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 1989

For the effective utilization of mackerel as a food sauce, the processing conditions of the frozen seasoned mackerel meat and the changes in taste compounds during its frozen storage were investigated. To prepare the frozen seasoned mackerel meat, the mackerel was headed, gutted manually, washed with tap water and deboned with the meat seperator. Then it was mixed with additives such as emulsion curd(32.1%, w/w), table salt(0.5%, w/w), sugar(2.0%, w/w), sodium bicarbonate(0.4%, w/w), polyphosphate(0.2%, w/w), monosodium glutamate(0.2%, w/w), onion powder(0.3%, w/w), garlic powder(0.1%, w/w), ginger powder(0.1%, w/w), soybean protein(3.0%, w/w) and sodium erythorbate(0.1%, w/w). This seasoned fish meat was frozen with contact freezer, packed In a carton box, and then stored at $-25^{\circ}C$. The moisture and lipid contents in the products were 70.8-71.7% and 10.9-11.3%, respectively. The taste compounds of the frozen seasoned mackerel meat were free amino acids(1625.0-1692.0mg/100g), nucleotides and their related compounds(316.6-366.8 mg/100g) as well as total creatinine(270.2-311.8 mg/100g), and small amount of betaine and TMAO. In free amino acids, the predominant ones were histidine, lysine, glutamic acid and arginine. It was supposed from the results that principal taste compounds of frozen seasoned mackerel meat were free amino acids, and that total creatinine, TMAO, TMA and betaine as well as nucleotides and their related compounds also played an assistant role.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2003

Objectives: It is known that sedative hypnotics would make cross tolerance with alcohol and deteriorate quality of sleep in alcoholics. Light therapy is effective non-pharmacological intervention for sleep disturbance in circadian phase disorders, jet-lag, shift-work and age-related sleep disorders. Authors would investigate the effects of morning light therapy on sleep of patients with alcohol dependence during recovery state without withdrawal symptoms. Methods: 13 patients with alcohol dependence who have not any alcohol withdrawal symptom were recruited. Light therapy during 1 hour in the morning had been administered by 2500 Lux light box through serial 3 days. Sleep state of subjects were assessed by sleep log and the subjective satisfaction at sleep was by 100 mm visual analogue scale. Sleepiness, depressive mood, anxiety were evaluated by 100mm visual analogue scale at 8 AM, 2 PM and 8 PM. For assessment of performance ability that would be associated with sleepiness and vigilance, trail making test A, B and digit symbol substitution test were performed by two times on base line and 4th day. Univariate repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed for each measures except performance tests which were analysed by paired t-test. Results: Sleep latency and sleep efficiency were significantly improved with light therapy and satisfaction at sleep was. There was no significant difference in sleepiness at 2 PM with light therapy but sleepiness at 8 AM significantly decreased and at 8 PM increased. The time to complete Trail making test and digit symbol substitution test were significantly shortened at 4th day compared with baseline. Fatigue at 8 AM were not significantly changed with light therapy but at 2 PM and 8 PM significantly decreased. Depressive mood and anxiety were not significantly changed with light therapy. Conclusion: Although this study had some limitations, it showed that light therapy would be effective modality on sleep disturbance of patients with alcohol dependence who have recovered from alcohol withdrawal symptoms. It is proposed that short term light therapy could be used clinically for alcoholics with insomnia. In the future, long term controlled studies using more objective tools for sleep are required to further investigate the effect of light therapy in alcoholics.