• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.553-566
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• 2015

수도권 지역의 고해상도 수치실험에 있어 연직 해상도와 대기경계층 모수화 방안의 효과를 조사하였다. WRF 모델을 이용하여 2013년 10월 25일 0000 UTC 부터 10월 26일 0000 UTC까지 수치 적분을 수행하였다. 수치 결과는 서울 남부에 위치한 선릉지역에서 관측된 6시간 간격의 라디오존데 자료와 서울지역의 43개 자동 기상 관측소 자료를 이용하여 검증하였다. 대기 하층의 연직해상도 비교 실험은 연직 44, 50, 60개의 층으로 구성되었으며, 특히 약 2 km고도 이하의 층을 세분화하였다. 연직 해상도가 가장 높은 60개층 실험에서 대기경계층 고도의 일 변동이 가장 뚜렷하게 나타났고, 특히 산악 지형과 같은 고지대에서는 대기경계층 고도와 10 m 바람장에서 연직해상도 실험 별 차이가 크게 나타났다. WRF 모델 내 ACM2, YSU, MYJ 대기경계층 모수화 방안에 따른 온도의 민감도 실험에서는 모든 실험수행 시간대에서 수치 모델 결과가 라디오존데 관측에 비교하여 온도를 과소 모의하였다. 지상 온도는 YSU 방안과 ACM2 방안이 MYJ 방안에 비해 상대적으로 편차가 낮게 나타났다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.86-100
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• 1993

ADI(Alternating Direction Implicit) 유한차분법을 사용하여 3차원 경합 해수유 동 모델 BACHOM-3을 개발하였다. 본 모델을 장방형 내만에서 하나의 결점을 갖는 정상 파에 적용하여 해석해와 비교하였으며, 그 결과 해석해와 잘 일치하였다. 모델의 현지 적용성과 수영만의 해수유동을 조사하기 위해 모델을 수영만에 적용하여 대조기 평수 시 현지관측결과와 비교하였으며, 그 결과 현지 관측결과와 비교적 잘 일치하였다. 만 중앙부의 제 1층(수심 0∼2 m)과 제 2층(수심 2∼5 m)에서 조석잔차류는 시계방향으로 회전하는 순환류가 나타났으며, 또한 낙조류가 창조류보다 강하게 나타났다. 계산된 유속분포에 의하면, 표층과 저층 사이에 유속의 위상차가 나타나며, 표층으로 갈수록 위상의 지연이 나타났다. 그리고, 본 모델을 홍수시와 바람 효과를 고려한 흐름 장의 계산에도 적용하였다. 해양에서 육지로 바람이 불 때 표층에서는 풍향에 대응하는 유 속분포를 나타냈으나, 저층의 육지경계부근에서는 풍향과 반대방향의 흐름이 나타났 다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.21-36
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• 2010

A new full scale testing apparatus generically named the Wall of Wind (WoW) has been built by the researchers at the International Hurricane Research Center (IHRC) at Florida International University (FIU). WoW is capable of testing single story building models subjected up to category 3 hurricane wind speeds. Depending on the relative model and WoW wind field sizes, testing may entail blockage issues. In addition, the proximity of the test building to the wind simulator may also affect the aerodynamic data. This study focuses on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) assessment of the effects on the quality of the aerodynamic data of (i) blockage due to model buildings of various sizes and (ii) wind simulator proximity for various distances between the wind simulator and the test building. The test buildings were assumed to have simple parallelepiped shapes. The computer simulations were performed under both finite WoW wind-field conditions and in an extended Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) wind flow. Mean pressure coefficients for the roof and the windward and leeward walls served as measures of the blockage and wind simulator proximity effects. The study uses the commercial software FLUENT with Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations and a Renormalization Group (RNG) k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model. The results indicated that for larger size test specimens (i.e. for cases where the height of test specimen is larger than one third of the wind field height) blockage correction may become necessary. The test specimen should also be placed at a distance greater than twice the height of the test specimen from the fans to reduce proximity effect.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2016

The vertical distributions of aerosol extinction coefficient were estimated using the scaling height retrieved at Gwangju, Korea ($35.23^{\circ}N$, $126.84^{\circ}E$) during a spring season (March to May) of 2009. The aerosol scaling heights were calculated on a basis of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the surface visibilities. During the observation period, the scaling heights varied between 3.55 km and 0.39 km. The retrieved vertical profiles of extinction coefficient from these scaling heights were compared with extinction profile derived from the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) observation. The retrieve vertical profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient were categorized into three classes according to the values of AODs and the surface visibilities: (Case I) the AODs and the surface visibilities are measured as both high, (Case II) the AODs and the surface visibilities are both lower, and (Others) the others. The averaged scaling heights for the three cases were $3.09{\pm}0.46km$, $0.82{\pm}0.27km$, and $1.46{\pm}0.57km$, respectively. For Case I, differences between the vertical profile retrieved from the scaling height and the LIDAR observation was highest. Because aerosols in Case I are considered as dust-dominant, uplifted dust above planetary boundary layer (PBL) was influenced this discrepancy. However, for the Case II and other cases, the modelled vertical aerosol extinction profiles from the scaling heights are in good agreement with the results from the LIDAR observation. Although limitation in the current modelling of vertical structure of aerosols exists for aerosol layers above PBL, the results are promising to assess aerosol profile without high-cost instruments.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.203-212
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• 2010

In this paper, we present an analytical model for the first eigen energy level ($E_0$) of the carriers in the inversion layer in present generation MOSFETs, having ultrathin gate oxides and high substrate doping concentrations. Commonly used approaches to evaluate $E_0$ make either or both of the following two assumptions: one is that the barrier height at the oxide-semiconductor interface is infinite (with the consequence that the wave function at this interface is forced to zero), while the other is the triangular potential well approximation within the semiconductor (resulting in a constant electric field throughout the semiconductor, equal to the surface electric field). Obviously, both these assumptions are wrong, however, in order to correctly account for these two effects, one needs to solve Schrodinger and Poisson equations simultaneously, with the approach turning numerical and computationally intensive. In this work, we have derived a closed-form analytical expression for $E_0$, with due considerations for both the assumptions mentioned above. In order to account for the finite barrier height at the oxide-semiconductor interface, we have used the asymptotic approximations of the Airy function integrals to find the wave functions at the oxide and the semiconductor. Then, by applying the boundary condition at the oxide-semiconductor interface, we developed the model for $E_0$. With regard to the second assumption, we proposed the inclusion of a fitting parameter in the wellknown effective electric field model. The results matched very well with those obtained from Li's model. Another unique contribution of this work is to explicitly account for the finite oxide-semiconductor barrier height, which none of the reported works considered.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2013

Drag reduction of a running vehicle is very important issue for the energy savings and emission reduction of its power train. Especially for a solar powered electric vehicle, the drag reduction and weight lightening are two serious problems to be solved to extend its driving distance under the given energy condition. In this study, the ground effect of an airfoil shaped road vehicle was studied for an optimum body design of an ultra-light solar powered electric vehicle. Clark-Y airfoil type was adopted to the body shape of the model vehicle to reduce aerodynamic drag. From the study, it was found that the drag of the model vehicle was reduced as the height(h) between ground and the lower surface of the model vehicle was decreased. It is due to the reduction of the down-wash decreasing the induced drag of the vehicle. The lift was also decreased as the height decreased. It is due to the turbulent boundary layer developed beneath the vehicle body. The drag is classified into two types; the form and friction drag. The fraction of form drag to friction one is 76 to 24 on the model vehicle. As the height(h) of the model vehicle from the ground surface increases the form drag also increases but the friction drag is in reverse.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.353-362
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• 2009

In the process of turbine modernizations, the investigation of the influences of water passage roughness on radial flow machine performance is crucial and validates the efficiency step up between reduced scale model and prototype. This study presents the specific losses per component of a Francis turbine, which are estimated by CFD simulation. Simulations are performed for different water passage surface roughness heights, which represents the equivalent sand grain roughness height. As a result, the boundary layer logarithmic velocity profile still exists for rough walls, but moves closer to the wall. Consequently, the wall friction depends not only on roughness height but also on its shape and distribution. The specific losses are determined by CFD numerical simulations for each component of the prototype, taking into account its own specific sand grain roughness height. The model efficiency step up between reduced scale model and prototype value is finally computed by the assessment of specific losses on prototype and by evaluating specific losses for a reduced scale model with smooth walls. Furthermore, surveys of rough walls of each component were performed during the geometry recovery on the prototype and comparisons are made with experimental data from the EPFL Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines reduced scale model measurements. This study underlines that if rough walls are considered, the CFD approach estimates well the local friction loss coefficient. It is clear that by considering sand grain roughness heights in CFD simulations, its forms a significant part of the global performance estimation. The availability of the efficiency field measurements provides an unique opportunity to assess the CFD method in view of a systematic approach for turbine modernization step up evaluation. Moreover, this paper states that CFD is a very promising tool for future evaluation of turbine performance transposition from the scale model to the prototype.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.732-737
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 고속주행 시 팬터그래프에 가해지는 공기역학적 특성을 평가하기 위하여 고속철도차량용 실모형 팬터그래프에 대한 풍동시험을 수행하였다. 시험에 사용된 풍동은 공군사관학교의 중형아음속풍동으로서 폭 3.5m $\times$ 높이 2.45m $\times$ 길이 8.8m의 시험부를 가지며, 시험 모형은 하단의 차체부착용 브라켓에서 50cm의 수직 스트럿을 통해 풍동 바닥면에 지지되어 자유류가 시험부 바닥을 지나면서 성장하는 경계층의 영향을 제거하였다. 시험모델은 표준높이와 최소높이 및 풍동의 시험부를 고려한 최대높이에 대하여 정상주행방향 및 역방향 시의 조건을 바꾸어가며 수행되었다. 각각의 조건에 대해서 팬터그래프가 가선에 미치는 압상력을 측정하였으며, 시험 조건에 따른 압상력의 변화에 대하여 분석하였다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.114-127
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• 2015

In the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), ozone ($O_3$) concentration is still higher than in other urban areas in developed countries. In order to reveal the current state of photochemical air pollution and to provide data for validation of chemical transport models, vertical profiles of meteorological parameters and ozone concentrations were measured by ozonesonde in two field campaigns: the first one, during the change of season from wet to dry-cold (November 2011) and the second during the dry-warm season (March 2012). Unlike previous similar field campaigns, ozonesonde was launched twice daily. The observation data were used to analyze the production and distribution of ozone in the convective boundary layer. The observation days covered a wide range of meteorological conditions, and various profiles were obtained. The evolution of the mixing layer (ML) height was analyzed, revealing that ML evolution was faster during daytime in March 2012 than in November 2011. On a day in November 2011, the early-morning strong wind and the resulting vertical mixing was observed to have brought the high-ozone-concentration air-mass to the ground and caused relatively high surface ozone concentration in the morning. The amount of produced ozone in the MCMA was estimated by taking the difference between the two profiles on each day. In addition to the well-known positive correlation between daily maximum temperature and ozone production, effect of the ML height and wind stagnation was identified for a day in March 2012 when the maximum ground-level ozone concentration was observed during the two field campaigns. The relatively low ventilation coefficient in the morning and the relatively high value in the afternoon on this day implied efficient accumulation of the $O_3$ precursors and rapid production of $O_3$ in the ML.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.672-681
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• 2004

Direct numerical simulation was carried out to study the vortical structures of the flow around a wall-mounted cube in a channel at Re=1,000 and Re=3,500 based on cubic height and bulk mean velocity. The cubic obstacle is situated in the entrance region of the channel flow where the boundary layers are developing. Upstream of the obstacle, steady and unsteady laminar horseshoe vortex systems are observed at Re=1,000 and Re=3,500, respectively; the near-wake flow is turbulent in both cases. The flow separates at each leading sharp edge of the cube, and subsequent vortex roll-up is noticed in the corresponding free-shear layer. The vortex shedding from the upper leading edge (upper vortices) and that from the two lateral leading edges (lateral vortices) are both quasi-periodic and their frequencies are computed. The upper and lateral vortices further develop into hairpin and Λ vortices, respectively. A series of instantaneous contours of the second invariant of velocity gradient tensor helps us identify spatial and temporal behaviors of the vortices in detail. The results indicate that the length and time scales of the vortical structures at Re=3,500 are much shorter than those at Re:1,000. Correlations between the upper and lateral vortices are also reported.