• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.973-976
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• 1995

The assessment method of human body composion by bioelectrical impedance is very simple, safe, rapid and noninvasive. Based on prediction formulas for total body water from bioelectrical impedance, the observed weight loss should be associated with an increase in impedance. However in edematous patients for dialysis, the calculated total body water loss as calculated from impedance were overestimated and significantly higher than the weight loss after dialysis. So determination of impedance were made in 50 edematous patients before, during and after dialysis. Mean weight loss, which was assumed to be only loss of water was 1719$\pm$ 866 gr and mean impedance change was 71.0 $\pm$ 23.0 Ohm under 50kHz. Body weight loss was highly correlated [r>0.81 with the increase in body impedance under variable frequencies[1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 kHz . But there were no differences between frequences. In conclusion, clinical application of bioelectrical impedance method is useful for individual edematous patients with new correlation equation[Y=230+26.8X, X;Impedance change, Y;Calculated total body water loss .

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1995

Serum electrolyte concentration and body weight were determined before and after exercise for 2h in Korean cyclists. The serum concentration of electrolytes (Na, Ca, Zn, K, P and Cl) was increased but that of Mg was decreased as a result of exercise. The increase of serum K and P concentration was statistically significant after exercise. As the exercise time increased, the loss of body weight also increased due to dehydration and sweat. The loss of body weight ranged 1.0 to 2.3 Kg as a function of exercise time but cyclists showed the exhaustion and muscle fatigue 2h after exercise. As the ambient temperature increased, the loss of body weight was slightly increased. However, frequent drinking water was required because of dehydration and thirst. Although frequent drinking water may reduce weight loss and thirst during exercise, sports drinking beverages simultaneously containing electrolytes and nutrients are more useful to replenish loss of water and electrolytes in an exhausted condition, resulting in the improvement of physical performance.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-79
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• 2003

Many of the diseases that occur in a life being are either closely related to water, or they occur by loss or deterioration of water metabolism. There are six parts of study on this subject in ${\ulcorner}$Dongeubogam${\lrcorner}$. The parts are, the part of Jinaek the part of Dameum the part of Sobyeon the part of Bujong the part of Changman and the part of Seub. In these parts, it mentions loss of perspiration, abnormal urination, edema, abdominal dropsy, formation of abnormal body fluid and intrusion of dampness into the body and etc as the abnormal water metabolism. Loss of perspiration and urination is a process of eliminating the dampness in the body. Perspiration would be the abnormality of yanghwa[陽化]. Urination would be the loss of eumhwa[陰化]. Eum[飮] is the fluid accumulated in the body that failed to go through the process of Cihwa[氣化]. Dam[痰] is formed when the body fluid is heated by the smoking-fire. Meanwhile, the dampness occurs when the water penetrates into the bones, muscles and joints. Edema and abdominal dropsy are both outcomes of accumulated body fluid. Edema is the liquified body fluid congested on the surface or the peripheral ends of the body. Abdominal dropsy is congestion of fluid, that lost the characteristic of blood due to blood deterioration, in the abdominal part.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.312-319
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• 2006

Lee je-ma emphasis human constitution and write DongYeuSuSebowon(東醫壽世保元). He describe Sasang constitution diseases with Treatise on Febrile Diseases(傷寒論). Exogenous febrile disease(傷寒) is a pyrexia disease. Therefor this paper is focus on the pyrexia at Soyinin(少陰人) among DongYeuSuSebowon. Soyinin(少陰人) is consider that body water loss is more important than fever in pyrexia disease. And body water loss is happens easily at exothermic reaction (sweating, diarrhea) and sequela of Purgative Prescription(瀉下法), Inducing Diaphoresis(發汗法), Diuresis(利小便法).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 1986

Water extracts of 21 traditional Korean herbal drugs were prepared, and a dose range of 100 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg was administered orally into mice once a day for five days. Changes of serum enzyme activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase, body weight changes and histo pathological examination of various organs were investigated. Water extract of Ephedra Herba caused severe body weight loss at a dose of 100 mg/kg and death from a dose level of 200 mg/kg by oral administration. Angelica koreanae Radix and Anthrisci Radix showed a slight body weight loss and damages to liver and kidney.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.164-175
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the herbal medicines used for women in puerperium on postpartum care, Kami-Saenghwatang(SHT) and Kami-Bohertang(BHT) and postpartum body composition change. We also examined the influence of gestational age, the number of parity and the route of delivery for gestational weight gain and postpartum weight loss. Methods: 239 women followed by postpartum care center. Variety factor s were conformed and then checked body composition analysis. 8 weeks later, we followed up body composition of 36 women among the former checked. and additionally asked the body weight of another 42 former checked women by telephone call. Results: $Mean{\pm}S.D$(standard deviation) of pre-pregnancy weight is $55.22{\pm}8.98kg$, $Mean{\pm}S.D$ of gestational maximun weight is $69.26{\pm}9.77kg$, $Mean{\pm}S.D$ of weight loss in postpartum 8 weeks(means sub-tract postpartum 1 week weight from postpartum 8 week weight) is $57.86{\pm}8.60kg$. The number of parities had corrrelation with gestational weight gain. Age, number of parities and route of delive were not significantly correlated with postpartum weight loss during 8 weeks after delivery, and also it was not correlated with body water mass, body fat mass, body mass index and body weight on postpartum 8 weeks whether they treated with SHT and BHT. conclusion: It was not correlated with body water mass, body fat mass, body mass index and body weight on 8 weeks postpartum whether they treated with SHT and BHT.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.133-144
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• 1995

One metabolism trial(Experiment I) and another respiration trial(Experiment II) were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber supplementation(20% wheat bran) on the water balance, blood acid-base balance, body temperature, and metabolic rate of heat-stressed adult roosters. In Experiment I, twenty 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were randomly alloted to 4 treatments with 5 birds per treatment and one per replicate. The 4 treatments were consisted of two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two dietary fiber treatment(0% and 20% wheat bran), making Experiment I a 2x2 factorial. After 4 d of preliminary period, birds we subjected to 3-d collection period. Sixteen 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were employed Experiment H, with two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two wheat bran levels(0% and 20%). Brids were housed in individual metabolism cages under normal temperature(21~22˚C), at fed one of the experimental diet. After 4 d of preliminary period, a respiration trial with open-circuit gravimetric respiratory apparatus was carried out for each bird for 6 h, one by one, normal(20~21˚C) and hot(34~35˚C) temperatures. The ANOVA test and comparisons among treatment means were done at 5% probability level for both experiments. Results obtained from Experiment I and, II were summarized as follows, 1.The amounts of DM intake and excretion were significantly(P<.05) decreased by heat stress. The DM intake was not affected by the addition of 20% wheat bran, however, the amount of DM excretion was significantly increased by the high fiber diet. Thus, the DM metabolizability decreased significantly by the addition of 20% wheat bran. 2. The heat-stressed roosters increased the water intake and excreta moisture content significantly. Although not significant, the water intake tended to increase in roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet. 3. The amounts of total water input and evaporative water loss were increased significantly by heat stress, and the addition of 20% wheat bran did not exert any influence on the total water input and evaporative water loss. However, roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet increased the excreta water output significantly. 4. Neither the heat stress nor the dietary fiber did affect the blood pH, pCO2, and HCO$_3$- significantly. 5. The body temperature increased significantly by the heat stress. However, the high fiber deit failed to decrease the body temperature. 6. The heat-stressed roosters decreased the 02 consumption and C0$_2$ production, and increased the evaporative water loss significantly. However, the high fiber diet did not exert any infulence in this regard. It appears that the beneficial effect, if any, of high fibrous diet during heat stress episode may be due to the increased heat loss through the enhanced excreta water.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 1993

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of nicarbazin supplementation (125 ppm) on the water balance, blood acid-base balance, and rectal temperature of 16 SCWL adult roosters in normal($21^{\circ}C$) and hot(35~$36^{\circ}C$) temperatures. There were 4 d of preliminary period, followed by 2 d of sampling and data collection period for each temperature treatment. The amounts of DM intake and excretion were not affected by heat stress but by rucarbazln supplementation. The DM metabolizability of diets, however, was decreased by nicarbazin. The amounts of water intake and evaporative water loss were increased in heat stressed birds. Nicarbazin increased further the amounts of water intake and evaporative water loss in hot temperature. Nicarbazin also decreased the blood p$CO_2$ and increased blood pH of heat stressed birds. The rectal temperature of the bird was increased in hot temperature, and the nicarbazin supplementation worsened this effect. Results indicate that heat stress raises the body temperature of the chicken. In order to suppress the rise of body temperature, the birds enhance the evaporative water loss through panting. The nicarbazin supplementation to heat stressed birds, however, increases the body temperature to such an extent that panting alone may not be able to return the body temperature back to normal.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.221-227
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a weight loss program on the degree of obesity and levels of resting energy expenditure (REE) in overweight subjects according to their mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP 2) genotype. Twenty-three subjects with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 27 were recruited from the Obesity Clinic of the Kyung-Hee University Hospital during the period of December 2000 - August 2001. The subjects were genotyped for the exon 8 allele; 15 subjects were found to be of del/del genotype, 8 were del/ins, and none were of ins/ins genotype. No significant association was found between the different UCP 2 genotypes and the initial levels of weight, fat mass (FM), lean body mess (LBM), BMI, REE, and REE/LBM ratio. After 12 weeks of a weight loss program, body weight and FM were significantly decreased, while LBM, total body water (TBW), and REE were not changed, irrespective of UCP 2 genotype. Initial fasting plasma levels of albumin, glucose, triglyceride, lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, free triiodo-thyronine (T3), free fatty acid (FFA), and leptin were not different according to the UCP 2 genotype; furthermore, these blood parameters were not changed after the 12-week weight loss program. However, plasma levels of leptin decreased in both the del/del and ins/del genotypes, from 18.7 ng/ml to 13.4 ng/ml (p<.05), and from 18.1 ng/ml to 13.9 ng/ml (p＜.05), respectively, after the weight loss program. In conclusion, this study found no significant association between the del/del or del/ins UCP 2 genotypes and differing levels of REE or differing degrees of obesity, either before or after a weight loss program. This study provided evidence that a well- managed weight loss program could maintain levels of REE, which plays an important role in the maintenance of energy balance.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.79-87
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• 2017

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of an herbal mixture of Atractylodes macrocephala and Taraxacum spp. (ATC) on ulcerative colitis. We have previously screened traditional medicinal herbs to discover the effective candidate by the animal model. A. macrocephala and T. spp were identified as one of the effective herbs in the screening process. Methods : Experimental colitis was induced in male Balb/c mice by administering drinking water containing dextran sulfate sodium, which mimics the clinical and histological features of ulcerative colitis in human. ATC at doses of 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg were orally administered to mice twice per day for 10 consecutive days. To evaluate the damage from experimentla ulcerative colitis, body weight, colon length, disease activity index, myeloperoxidase and histological changes were measured and analyzed. Results : The administration of dextran sulfate sodium with drinking water resulted in markedly reduced colon length, severe body weight loss, increased levels of myeloperoxidase activity and histological damages in mice. ATC treatment significantly ameliorated the colon shortening, histological damage, body weight loss and disease activity index score in a dose-dependent manner. ATC also attenuated the colonic myeloperoxidase activity which reflects the severity and extent of inflammatory damage of colon. Conclusions : ATC exerts protective effects against inflammatory colonic structural damage induced by epithelial barrier integrity impairment. ATC also inhibits weight loss and related symptoms of UC which can be considered as the functional recovery of colon.