• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2004

The effects of herbal medicine on type 2 diabetic animal model were investigated. Herbal medicine were composed with the addition of Coicis Semen into Okchun-san (OCS). Commelinae Herba into Gangsim-tang (GST). Scrophulariae Radix into Hyunsamsunki-san (HSK). and Erythrinae Cortex into Yukmijihuang-hwan (YMH). We evaluated anti-hyperglycemic and body weight reduction activity in diabetic db/db mice. The experimental animals were divided into six groups. as control group and five sample groups. Each 200mg/kg/day of OCS, GST, HSK and YMH was administered with orally for 14days long. 5mg/kg/day of acarbose was administered with orally for 14days long. On day 14, OCS-treated db/db mice had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to control group(296±25.9 versus 593±16.4mg/dl. p<0.001). During the 2 h intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), all the sample groups were improved compared to control group but insignificantly. After 14days of extract treatment. body weight in control. YMH and acarbose groups were increased. but OCS. GST and HSK groups reduced. However. it did not significantly lower hemoglobin Alc(HbAlc) in blood of db/db mice. These result suggest that OCS could be effective on insulin-independent type 2 diabetes.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Sagunja-tang(SGJT), Ijin-tang(IJT), Yukgunja-tang(YGJT) on the change of cerebral hemodynamics [regional cerebral blood f1ow(rCBF), mean arterial blood pressure(MABP), and pial arterial diameter (PAD)] in normal rats, and further to determine the mechanism of action of YGJT. And, this Study was designed to investigate whether YGJT inhibit lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity in neuronal cells. The results were as follows ; 1. SGJT significantly increased rCBF but MABP was not changed comparing with normal MABP(l00 %). This results were suggested that SGJT significantly increased rCBF by dilating PAD. 2. IJT significantly decreased rCBF in a dose-dependent, but significantly increased MABP in a dose-dependent. This results were suggested that IJT significantly decreased rCBF by contracting PAD. 3. YGJT significantly increased rCBF and PAD in a dose-dependent, and YGJT increased MABP compared with normal MABP(100 %). This results were suggested that YGJT significantly increased rCBF by dilating PAD. 4. The YGJT-induced increase in rCBF was significantly accelerated by pretreatment with indomethacin (IDN, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase but was significantly inhibited by methylene blue (MTB, 10 ㎍/㎏ i.p.), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase. 5. The YGJT-induced increase in PAD and MABP were accelerated by pretreatment with IDN but was significantly inhibited by MTB. This results suggested that the mechanism of YGJT is mediated by guanylate cyclase. 6. YGJT inhibited significantly LDH activity in neuronal cells. This results were suggested that YGJT prevented the neuronal death. I thought that YGJT should have improvement of cerebral hemodynamics and inhibitive effect on the brain damage.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1344-1348
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• 2005

Moxibustion treatment gives stimulus to specific points in the meridian distributed on the body, and controls imbalance of Qi, blood stream, and, Yin and Yang. So this treatment is the way that prevents and cures diseases by making meridian flow normal. Moxibustion stimulating conditions have a great influence on the treatment results. So proper standards of stimulus are needed to expect effective treatment results. To know what number of moxibustions are needed to gain good treatment effects, I observed the gastrin level in blood after moxibustion on the Xiawan(CV10). Gastrin stimulates to secrete gastric acid. The followings are the results. After 1, 5, and 10 moxibustions everyday on each rat for 5 days, 1 compared what number of moxibustion had a good effect. The group of 5 moxibustions every day had a more significant effect. After moxibustions of 1, 5, and 10 coagulated moxas on each rat, 1 compared the effect of the size of coagulated moxa. The group of 5 and 10 coagulated moxas had a more significant effect. After the same moxibustions on each ract for 1, 5, and 10 days, 1 compared the effect of moxibustion terms. The group of 5 days moxibustion had a more significant effect. These results say that the treatment effect of moxibustion can be varied by the choice of points, and the size, the time, and the number of moxibustions can bring out different effects. I think that the proper size, the proper time, and the proper number of moxibustions can be more effective than the excessive moxibustions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1610-1614
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Chaenomelis Fructus Herba Chelidonii Clematis Florida Thunb mixed water extract on the inflammatory edema induced by Found's complete adjuvant and on different blood volume, and then to demonstrate its efficiencies as well as its safety. We injected Chaenomelis Fructus Herba Chelidonii Clematis Florida Thunb mixed water extract on the inflammatory edema induced by Found's complete adjuvant once daily at the same time for a week, then observed the paw-edema, the counts of the blood WBC, Serum total protein, Serum total bilirrubin, SGOT and SGPT The result obtained is as follows : Inflammatory edema on the right plantar in both sample groups showed a significant reduce compared with that in the control group. The counts of WBC in both sample groups showed a significant decrease compared with that in the control group. The volume of serum total protein in the Sample A group showed a significant decrease compared with that in the control group. The volume of serum total bilirrubin, GOT and GPT in both sample groups was not changed compared with that in the control group. As a result of this experiment, it is concluded that Chaenomelis Fructus Herba Chelidonii Clematis Florida Thunb mixed water extract showed that therapeutic effect on the anti-inflammation on arthritis; otherwise it showed non-toxic effect on the liver function.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.249-257
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• 2010

Crataegii Fructus is commonly used as a improving digestion, removing retention of food, promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis agent in East Asia. Cadmium (Cd) is widely distributed in the environment due to its use in industry. An exposure to Cd causes dysuria, polyuria, chest pain, hepatic and renal tubular diseases. The liver is the most important target organ when considering Cd-induced toxicity because Cd primarily accumulates in the liver. This study investigated the protective effect of Crataegii Fructus water extract against cadmium ($CdCl_2$, Cd)-induced liver toxicity in H4IIE cells, a rat hepatocyte-derived cell line and in rats. Cell viability was significantly reduced in Cd-treated H4IIE cells in a time and concentration-dependent manner. However, Crataegii Fructus water extract (CFE) protected the cells from Cd-induced cytotoxicity via inhibition of PARP cleavage. To induce acute toxicity in rats, Cd (4 mg/kg body weight) was dissolved in normal saline and intravenously injected into rats. The rats then received either a vehicle or silymarin (as a positive control) or CFE (50, 100 mg/kg/day) for 3 days, and were subsequently exposed to a single injection of Cd. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased by Cd treatment. In contrast, pretreatment with CFE reduced ALT, AST and LDH. In histopathological analysis, CFE reduced the hepatic degenerative regions and the number of degenerative hepatocytes. These are considered as direct evidences that Crataegii Fructus has favorable inhibitory effects on the Cd-intoxicated liver damages. The efficacy of Crataegii Fructus shows slight lower than that of silymarin in the present study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.162-170
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• 2008

Kamisungihwalhyul-tang(KSHT) has been used for many years as a therapeutic agent for cerebrovascular disease and hypertension in Oriental Medicine. But the effect of KSHT on hypertension and reactive oxygen is not well-known. This study was examined to investigate the effect of KSHT on hypertension and reactive oxygen. After administering KSHT extract to Sprague- Dawley Rat forinjected subcutaneous with deoxycorticosterone acetate(DOCA) 8 weeks, changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, reactive oxygen species, angiotensin converting enzyme, aldosterone, catecholamine levels, electrolyte, uric acid, BUN, creatinine in plasma were examined, and immunohistochemical changes and scanning electron microscopic changes were observed. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) scavenging activity was increased, reactive oxygen species(ROS) was decreased in a KSHT concentration-dependent. Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity was increased in a concentration-dependent by KSHT. KSHT significantly decreased the blood pressure and heart rate in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. KSHT significantly decreased the levels of aldosterone in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. KSHT significantly decreased the level of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. $Na^+$, $K^+$ and Cl- were decreased significantly, $Ca^{2+}$ was increased significantly by KSHT. KSHT significantly decreased uric acid, BUN, creatinine.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.365-370
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the influence of extracts from mixed culture with Tricholoma matsutake mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium on hypoglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Experimental animals were divided into 7 groups : normal control group(NC), diabetes control group (DC), positive control group(PC), non-fermented OCM(oriental medicine & cereal medium) extracts group (UM), crude polysaccharide of non-fermented OCM extracts group (UME), fermented OCM extracts group (UF), crude polysaccharide of fermented OCM extracts group (UFE). NC, DC groups were orally administered saline, PC group was orally administered acarbose. UM, UME, UF, UFE groups were orally administered each extract once a day for 14days. Blood glucose level was lower in the all administering OCM extract groups (UM, UME, UF, UFE) than in the diabetes group(p<0.05), and specially UF, UFE groups were similar to tendency of PC group. ALT, ALP activity in OCM groups were not significantly lowered than PC group(p<0.05). AST activity was not different with PC group. The results of this study show that extracts from mixed culture with Tricholoma matsutake mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium may have a beneficial effect on the hypoglycemia.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 1999

Background: Tourniquet pain has important impacts on anesthesia. Tourniquet pain and accompanying cardiovascular changes are important factors that make patients in distress during anesthesia. As tourniquet pain may be modified by anesthesia, a study on the changes in the neural functions by tourniquet inflation in normal volunteers is important. Methods: Time-dependent changes in tourniquet pain, heart rate, phantom limb sensation, motor function, pain to pressure on upper extremity of 10 healthy and unpremedied volunteers were measured. Each parameter were measured every 5 minutes starting from 10 minutes before inflation to 15 minutes after deflation of tourniquet. Tourniquet was deflated when the subject felt unbearable pain (score 100 with visual analog scale). Results: Subjects manifested time-dependent pain responses to tourniquet inflation, characterized by increase in VAS, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Mean duration of tourniquet inflation was 36.4 minutes, volunteers experienced motor paralysis at 27.6 minutes and sensory loss at 33.1 minutes. Pain to pressure decreased over time in both arms. The degree of decrease was greater in the arm on which tourniquet was applied than that in the non-applied arm. Phantom limb sensation occurred in 3 subjects. Conclusions: This study demonstrated dynamic changes in the neural functions during tourniquet inflation period. Tourniquet-induced pain and resultant hypertension occurred in all subjects. Appropriate anesthetic management is needed for the surgery using tourniquet.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.4
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• pp.189-209
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to understand a term of 'Jangbu theory 臟腑論' in 'Dong-Eui-Su-Se-Bo-Won 東醫壽世保元'. The conclusion would be summerized as follows. 1. 'Jangbu theory 臟腑論' of 'Sa-Sang medicine 四象醫學' is based on 'Sa-Sang structure 四象構造'. 2. 'Mind 心' of 'Sa-Sang medicine 四象醫學' is recognised as the Lord of body. 3. 'four-Jang 四臟' and 'four-Bu 四腑' constitute 'Sa-Sang structure 四象構造' which is based on the deviation of 'vital energy 氣', and 'four-Jang 四臟' plays a loading role. 4. 'Sacho 四焦' explains the whole function of human body including one's heart's desire, physical constitution and the visceral physiology. 5. 'ear-eye-nose-mouth 耳目口鼻' is connected with 'the profound secrets of nature 天機' and also has a close relation with creation of 'spirit-vital energy-blood-essence 神氣血精' and spiritual fuction. 6. 'SaHae theory 四海論' of 'Dong Mu 東武' is philosophical concept set on the basis of 'nature 天性' and 'life 人命'. 7. 'spirit-vital energy-blood-essence 神機血精' doesn't have the relation of mutual transformation. It's creation and consumption lies on 'the power of ear-eye-nose-mouth 耳目口鼻之力'. 8. 'Sa-Sang medicine 四象醫學' expands its theory centering on the deviation of 'vital energy 氣' and the transversal circulation of 'SaHae 四海' According to the above result, 'Jangbu theory 臟腑論' in 'Dong-Eui-Su-Se-Bo-Won 東醫壽世保元' should be understood on the basis of 'Sacho 四焦' and 'SaHae 四海' according to 'Sa-Sang structure 四象構造', accompanying philosophical thinking focused on human and society, the centural concept of 'Jangbu theory 臟腑論' could be said as 'Mind 心' to be the Lord of body.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.342-347
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• 2010

Ginseng is one of the most-widely used herbal remedies. This systematic review evaluates the current evidence for its use in the reducing blood pressure (BP) in patients with hypertension. Systematic searches of 12 electronic databases were conducted without language restrictions. All randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of ginseng as a treatment for hypertension were candidates for inclusion. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias. Five RCTs met the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was low in most of the trials. Four of the included RCTs compared the effectiveness of ginseng to placebo. The meta-analysis of these data failed to show a statistically significant acute effect on systolic BP (SBP) or diastolic BP (DBP). However, subgroup analyses showed beneficial effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on both SBP (n=54, mean difference [MD], -6.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], -9.99 to -3.04; p=0.0002) and DBP (n=54, MD, -5.21; 95% CI, -7.90 to -2.51; p=0.0001). Two RCTs tested the long-term effects of ginseng for BP for 24hours. One of these trials failed to show any benefits of KRG compared to no treatment, and the other failed to show superior effects of North American ginseng compared to placebo. Adverse events with ginseng were none in one trial or not assessed. Collectively, these RCTs provide limited evidence for the acute effectiveness of KRG in the treatment of high BP. The total number of RCTs included in the analysis and the total sample size were insufficient to draw definitive conclusions. More rigorous studies are warranted.