• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.619-624
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• 1999

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oligosaccharides(fructo or isomalto ) contained in sponge cake on blood lipids and intestinal physiology in rats. The experimental diet was mixed with 30% sponge cakes. Normal male Sprague Dawley rats weighing about 530g were randomly assigned to three groups and placed experimental diets and deionized water at free access for 25 days. Rat in control group received a diet mixed with sponge cake containing sucrose only at 21.58g/100g diet and rats in the other two groups received diets mixed with sponge cakes of which 40% sucrose was replaced with each oligosaccharide. The results obtained were as follows: No significant differences in efficiency of food, liver weight and intestinal length were observed among groups. The cecal contents and cecal wall weights were increased more in fructooligosaccharide(FO) group than control. The pH of cecal contents decreased significantly in two oligosaccharide groups. The water contents of fresh feces in FO group were the highest and the those of two oligosaccharide groups were higher than that of control. Dry fecal weight increased significantly in isomaltooligosaccharide(IMO) group. Total serum cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in FO group. Serum triglyceride(TG) was not significantly different among three groups at p<0.05, but serum TG of FO group was lower than those of other groups. In conclusion, 40% replacement of sucrose with oligosaccharides in sponge cake may have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and intestinal function in rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.101-103
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• 2001

Scanning Electron Microscopy of twelve lactating buffalo mammary gland was done. The lactating mammary gland showed alveolus, arrangement of blood vessels and myoepithelial cells on the alveolus, the formation of lobules and interlobular connective tissue. From the exposed alveolar lumen fat globule formation can be seen which is still attached to the alveolar surface by microvilli. This technique should further be extended to study the alveolar structure in detail during different stages of mammary gland development in buffaloes.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.337-346
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• 2015

Sprain is the injury of meridian-muscle, and is caused by qi and blood obstruction or regional stagnation of qi and blood. So we take the channel points where pain flows. If we take the locations that feel pain, those locations are treatments points and ashi points. So we searched over the ashi points appearing on the patients with wrist sprain. Ashi points appeared on LI5, TE4, SI5 around wrist joints, LI10, LI11, LU6 around elbow joints, LI14, LU3, LU4, PC2 around upper arm. Also, ashi points appeared much on ST17, KI23, PC1, SP18, ST18 around thoracic region, and, on BL15, BL44, BL13 around anterior and thoracodorsal region, in order stated. Ashi points of the highest frequency appeared on LI14 around upper arm, and on LI5, TE4 around wrist joint, and SI5, ST17, KI12, PC1, SP18 appeared with second highest frequency. And ashi points on elbow points and thoracodorsal region appeared with the same frequency. Therefore, it is possible for us to know that the pain location appears in order of upper arm, anterior thoracic region, elbow joint region, and, thoracodorsal region, in treating wrist joints. There was a tendency that pain and movement disturbance recovered more quickly, depending on the pain reduction, as we found out the ashi points closely from stagnated qi and blood caused by wrist arthritis, and relaxed the stiff location. Rubbing treatments in treating pain ashi points is considered to play an important role to reduce pain effectively, so it is necessary to make a further study.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.23-31
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• 1975

The effects of ethanol intravenously administered on the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate responses to electrical stimulation of vagus nerve and the hypothalamus were studied in the cats. Also investigated were the effects of ethanol on the cardiovascular responses to bilateral carotid occlusion and to intravenously injected epinephrine and acetylcholine separately. The results obtained from the present study were as follows; 1. In 1.0 ml/kg and 2.0 ml/kg of ethanol infused groups the mean arterial blood pressure increased gradually and reached plateaus in 10 minutes after ethanol infusion while no marked changes in blood pressure were observed in 0.5 ml/kg of ethanol infused group. 2. The pressor responses elicited by the electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus were depressed directly proportionally to amount of ethanol infused. In 0.5 ml/kg of ethanol infused group the pressor response was reduced to 84.5% of control value and it declined to 17.0% of control in 2.0 ml/kg of ethanol infused group. 3. After ethanol administration the heart rate decreased slightly and also was decreased positive chronotropic effect elicited by hypothalamic stimulation. In several cases even negative chronotropic responses were observed during electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus. 4. Since the pressor responses to bilateral carotid occlusion was reduced by ethanol administration it is suggested that activity of baroreceptor is inhibited by ethanol. 5. No changes were observed in the negative chronotropic effect Produced by electrical stimulation of the vegus nerve of ethanol infused animal. And cardiovascular responses to intravenously injected epinephrine and acetylcholine were not influenced by ethanol either.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1573-1579
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• 2005

This study was undertaken to define the effect of DaeSiHo-Tang extract on the hypertension in spontaneous hypertensive rat and norepinephrine-induced arterial contraction in rabbit. Systolic blood pressure and blood velocity were significantly attenuated by administration of DaeSiHo-Tang extract. but blood flow and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system unaffected by DaeSiHo-Tang extract. The relaxation effect of DaeSiHo-Tang extract was dependent on the presence of endothelium, showing that DaeSiHo-Tang extract-induced relaxation was not observed in the strips without endothelium. The endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by DaeSiHo-Tang extract was decreased by the pretreatment of $N{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine or methylene blue, but it was not observed in the strips pretreated with indomethacin or tetraethylammonium chloride. When $Ca^{2+}$ was applied, the strips which were contracted by norepinephrine in a $Ca^{2+}$-free solution, arterial contraction was increased. But pre-treatment of DaeSiHo-Tang extract inhibited contractile response to $Ca^{2+}$. These results indicate that antihypertensive effect of DaeSiHo-Tang extract is due to descend arterial resistance by the arterial relaxation through the formation of nitric oxide in the vascular endothelial cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-5
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• 1980

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of prostaglandin $E_1(PGE_1)$ upon the activity of carbonic anhydrase and upon the inhibitory action of acetazolamide on carbonic anhydrase. The heparinized blood was sampled by cardiac puncture from Sprague-Dawley strain rats under ether anesthesia and was hemolysed by adding distilled water 1,000 times the amount of the blood. The activity of carbonic anhydrase of 0.1 ml of the hemolysate was measured by Maren's simplified micro-method. In the first experiment, the 7 rats were used, and the activity was measured by adding 0.1 ml of various concentrations of $PGE_1$(0.5, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10 and $20\;{\mu}g/ml$). In the second experiment, the 6 rats were used and the activity was measured by adding 0.1 ml of $PGE_1(5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ and 0.1 ml of acetazolamide$(6{\times}10^{-7}M/l)$ respectively or simultaneously. Obtained results were as follows: 1) The activity of carbonic anhydrase was significantly inhibited by $PGE_1$ at doses of $0.5{\sim}10\;{\mu}g/ml$, maximally at a dose of $2.5\;{\mu}g/ml$, but inhibition was no more observed at a dose of $20\;{\mu}g/ml$. 2) The activity of the acetazolamide group was significantly less than that of the control group. 3) The activity of the $PGE_1+acetazolamide$ group was significantly less than those of the $PGE_1$ group and the acetazolamide group. It is inferred from the above results that the $PGE_1$ inhibits the activity of carbonic anhydrase dose-dependently and strengthens the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide on carbonic anhydrase.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.403-411
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• 1990

The present investigation was performed to see a possible influence of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) on pancreatic exocrine secretion in anesthetized rats since the DRN had been known to exert a regulatory mechanism on sympathetic activity which was known to be very important for pancreatic exocrine secretion, particularly in rats. Twenty-nine Sprague-Dawley rats fasted for 24 hours were anesthetized by i.p. injection of 1 g/kg of urethane. The pancreatic duct was cannulated to collect pancreatic juice while bile juice was diverted into the jejunum. The duodenopyloric junction was tightly ligated. After surgery for collection of pancreatic exocrine secretion and recording of carotid blood pressure, a coaxial electrode was stereotaxically inserted in the DRN with a guide of a brain atlas. And then, electrical stimulus of biphasic square wave with 2 v, 2 msec, 40 Hz was applied on the electrode for 10 minutes. Pancreatic volume flow and protein output secreted in 10 min were measured. Either bilateral cervical vagotomy or spinal cord transection at the level of $C4{\sim}C5$ was performed 20 min prior to stimulation of the DRN. 1) Electrical stimulation of the DRN resulted in significant (p<0.05) increase in pancreatic volume flow and protein output. These stimulatory effects were not affected by cervical vagotomy but completely abolished by cervical cord transection. 2) Electrical stimulation of the DRN also resulted in significant (p<0.05) rise of blood pressure of the carotid artery. The hypertensive effect was not affected by cervical vagotomy but completely abolished by cervical cord transection. The results strongly suggest that the DRN, a part of the central serotonergic system, could exert a stimulatory influence on pancreatic exocrine secretion by increasing the sympathetic activity in anesthetized rats.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2019

Objectives: Angiotensin II (AngII), a major product of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has important role in induction of hypertension and antihypertensive effect of several medicinal plant was mediated by effect on this agent. Therefore, this study examined the possible effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus (C. sativus) on hypertension induced by AngII. Methods: Six groups (n = 6) of rats were used as follow: 1) Control, 2) AngII (300 ng/kg), 3) Losartan (Los, 10 mg/kg) + AngII and 4-6) C. sativus extract (10, 20 & 40 mg/kg,) + AngII. The femoral artery and vein were cannulated for recording cardiovascular parameters and drugs administration, respectively. All drugs were injected intravenously (i.v). Los and all doses of C. sativus injected 10 min before AngII. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout the experiment and those peak changes (${\Delta}$) were calculated and compared to control and AngII. Results: AngII significantly increased ${\Delta}MAP$, ${\Delta}SBP$ and ${\Delta}HR$ than control (P < 0. 01 to P < 0.001) and these increments were significantly attenuated by Los. All doses of C. sativus significantly reduced peak ${\Delta}MAP$, ${\Delta}SBP$, and ${\Delta}HR$ than AngII group (P < 0. 05 to P < 0.001). In addition, peak ${\Delta}MAP$, ${\Delta}SBP$ in doses 10 and 20 were significant than Los + AngII group (P<0.05 to P< 0.01) but in dose 40 only MAP was significant (P<0.05). Peak ${\Delta}HR$ in all doses of C sativus was not significant than Los+ AngII. Conclusion: Regarding the improving effect of the C. sativus extract on AngII induced hypertension, it seems that this ameliorating effect partly mediated through inhibition of RAS.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.239-247
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• 2022

Objective: Asafoetida is a gum derived from Ferula assa-foetida, which is used in traditional Iranian medicine to treat some reproductive system disorders. The effects of asafoetida on ovarian tissue, expression of certain genes associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and levels of liver, kidney, and blood cell factors after treatment in a rat model were investigated. Methods: Thirty rats were divided into five groups: normal, polycystic, and treatment with three doses of asafoetida (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg for 3 weeks after PCOS induction). PCOS was induced by letrozole at a dose of 1 mg/kg administered orally for 3 weeks. Blood samples were taken, and the ovaries were removed and prepared for histomorphometric examination. Liver and kidney parameters were measured. The mRNA expression levels of luteinizing hormone receptor, CYP11A1, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, adiponectin, and adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 were also measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The levels of liver, kidney, and blood parameters did not significantly differ between the treatment groups and the control group. At doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, ovarian histopathology, especially the thicknesses of the theca and granulosa layers, was significantly improved relative to the PCOS group. The expression of target genes also improved in the 25 and 50 mg/kg treatment groups. Conclusion: Asafoetida can be used to treat PCOS as a complementary approach to conventional therapies. Asafoetida appears to act by regulating and activating metabolic and ovarian cycle enzymes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.2 s.54
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• pp.81-87
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• 1999

The effect of saponin and non-saponin of Panax Red Ginseng on the blood pressure and nitric oxide production were investigated in the conscious free moving one-kidney, one-clip Goldbaltt hypertensive (lK, 1C-GBH) rats. Mean blood pressure in the control and lK, 1C-GBH rats was decreased by the administration of ginseng saponin (100 mg/kg, i.v.). The hypotensive effect induced by ginseng saponin was reached maximum at 2-4 minutes and was slowly recovered to the initial level of blood pressure. Also ginseng saponin induced reflex tachycardia in the conscious both rats. Contrast to the response induced by ginseng saponin, hypotensive effect induced by non-saponin of panax ginseng is minimal. Plasma nitric oxide concentration was increased by the treatment of ginseng saponin (100 mg/kg, i.p for 5 days) in both rats. It has been shown by western blotting that the expression level of the protein for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the aorta of rats was not increased by the treatment of ginseng saponin (100 mg/kg, i.p). However, eNOS activity in aortic homogenates of both rats were increased by the treatment of ginseng saponins. From the above results, the hypotensive effect of saponin was greater than that of non-saponin of Panax Red Ginseng. The lowering effect of blood pressure by ginseng saponin may be due to the increase of plasma nitric oxide concentration via the increase of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in the renovascular hypertensive and control rats.