• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.67-70
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• 1973

This experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of adrenergic receptor blockade. on digitalis intoxication. The effects of adrenergic alpha and beta receptor blockade on the lethal dose of digitonin were evaluated. $LD_{50}$ and dose mortality curve of digitonin in mice pretreated with dibenzylin or propranolol hydrochloride (Inderal) were obtained. All drugs were injected subcutaneously. Digitonin toxicity was significantly decreased in mice pretreated with beta·blockade compare with alpha-blockade and control groups.

• Strategy21
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• 통권44호
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• pp.254-290
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• 2018

Why did Kim Jong Un turn his foreign policy upside down in a sudden? US naval blockade became one of candidates for the reason since it had been threatened by Trump administration for the first time in December 2017. Has the blockades worked well like that in the international politic history? This paper reveals the effectiveness of naval blockade on sanctioning in the peacetime. This research analyzes three hypothetical arguments about the naval blockade based on the result of empirical tests with TIES Dataset. First, sanctions by blockading are more effective in gaining political benefits than the other economic sanctions. It was ranked the 4th effective way of sanction out of 9. And 56.3% of pacific naval blockades without packaged economic sanctions were succeeded, whereas the possibility of success increase up to 61.2% when blockade has been imposed in accordance with the other type of economic sanctions. Second, blockades deter military collisions, even war. When it comes to military provocation issue, blockading sanctions gain political interest far more than the other type of economic sanctions. The possibility of the success reaches up to 74%. Also, there wasn't any historical cases of war incurred by blockading sanctions within 5 years after the blockade end. Third, policy makers just need 1.2 years on average to see the end of sanctions when they choose the naval blockade as the method of imposing sanction on the adversary. It is impressively short span of time in achieving political goal compared to the other types of sanctions which are need 9 years on average. North East Asia sea could be the next stage for a naval blockade sooner or later. Because China and Japan not only possess capabilities of blockade but also have will to impose blockades to the others if conditions are set. And even the North Korea with lots of submerging forces could be a blockading threat in the specific area. So, the Republic of Korea has to pay more attention and be prepared for naval blockading sanction.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제25권3호spc1호
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• pp.33-35
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• 1995

Microspheres containing tetracaine or bupivacaine with poly-lactic-glycolic acid were prepared with a range of compositions. Using the rat scicatic nerve model in vivo it was found that prolonged blockade for periods of 2-7 days. depending on composition variables. Polymer-local anesthetics microspheres are feasible delivery vehicle for prolonged regional nerve blockade.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.301-306
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• 2019

Background: Ganglion impar blockade is a reliable and effective treatment option used in patients with coccydynia. Our primary objective was to specify the role of corticosteroids in impar blockade. We compared applications of local anesthetic with the local anesthetic + corticosteroid combination in terms of treatment efficiency in patients with chronic coccydynia. Methods: Our study was a prospective randomize double-blind study. The patients were divided into 2 groups after randomization. The first group (group SL) was made up of patients where a corticosteroid + local anesthetic were used during ganglion impar blockade. In the second group (group L) we used only local anesthetic. We evaluated numeric rating scale (NRS) and Beck depression scale, which were employed before the procedure and in 1st and 3rd months after the procedure. Results: Seventy-three patients were included in the final analysis. We detected a significantly greater decrease in NRS values in the 1st month in group SL than in group L (P = 0.001). In the same way, NRS values in the 3rd month were significantly lower in the group with steroids (P = 0.0001). During the evaluation of the Beck test, we detected significantly greater decreases in the 1st month (P = 0.017) and 3rd month (P = 0.021) in the SL group than in the L group. Conclusions: Ganglion impar blockade decreases pain in the treatment of chronic coccydynia and improve depression. Addition of steroids in a ganglion impar blockade is required for treatment response that should accumulate over a long period of time.

• 해양안보
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.85-112
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• 2022

전쟁에 있어서 해상봉쇄는 결정적인 전투행위를 담당하지는 않아도 적의 해상수송을 마비시키는 역할을 통해 경제전을 위한 가교 역할을 담당한다는 점에서 오랜시간 동안 전쟁의 수단으로 활용되어왔고, 한국전쟁에서도 유엔군은 클라크 라인을 통한 제한적 해상봉쇄로 전쟁에서 상당한 효과를 거두었다. 하지만 해상봉쇄의 중요성에도 불구하고 중국이 강력한 해군력을 바탕으로 해양강대국으로 부상한 현 상황을 고려할 때 한반도에서 다시금 전쟁이 발발한다면 어떻게 봉쇄선을 설정하여 해상활동을 차단할 것인지, 특히 중립국 선박이나 전시금제품을 수송하는 선박에 대해 어떻게 대응할 것인지에 대한 검토가 부족하다. 또한 봉쇄는 중립국과의 이해관계가 존재한다는 점에서 예민하고 융통성 있는 해군력 투사 수단으로 활용되어야 하므로 봉쇄의 합법성을 보장하기 위한 원칙을 고려하여 신중하고 합리적인 판단을 통해 활용될 때에만 그 목적을 달성할 수 있다는 점에서 그 실행에 앞서 신중한 검토가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 해상봉쇄법 적용의 변천 과정을 재조명하고, 이를 통해 해상봉쇄의 합법성을 보장하는 기본원칙을 도출하고자 한다. 그리고 전시 한반도 근해에서 이러한 기본원칙의 적용방안과 함께 중립국 선박과 전시금제품 운반선박에 대해서는 어떤 대응이 필요한지를 검토함으로서 연구질문에 대한 답을 제시하고, 우리에게 주는 함의를 고찰하였다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2003

The shoulder is a complex area which makes it vulnerable to painful pathologic processes. Chronic shoulder pain has become more common recently due to increased use of computers and a ,generally more sedentary life style among most people . Trigger point injection and neural blockade are useful for the management of chronic shoulder pain which has not improved with conservative treatment. Published articles concerning trigger point injection or neural blockade for chronic shoulder pain were reviewed to evaluate promising methods. If we are careful to remain aware of the details and complications in addition to adhering to effective treatments, these should be good armamentarium for doctors enthusiastic about the management of chronic shoulder pain.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2013년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.251-252
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• 2013

Most of the Historic Preservation Areas are very vulnerable to disasters. The aim of this study is to build probability of street blockade for evacuation routes planning from each house to an evacuation place at a large-scale disaster in such a historic preservation area. The study area is Hamanaka Machi Happongi Shuku in Kashima city, Saga Prefecture, which has been designated as a preservation district of traditional buildings. To achieve this aim, we referred to the formula for probability of street blockade for normal city area made by Tokyo Fire Agency. We revised it, considering the width of street under 4 m, structure of houses along the street, and the distance from the house to main street with the width over 4 m. Then, we applied the revised formula to the study area.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.145-146
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• 1989

• 한국초전도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초전도학회 2004년도 High Temperature Superconductivity Vol.XIV
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• pp.44-44
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• 2004

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1996

Tachyphylaxis to local anesthetics has shown to be promote longer interanalgesic intervals between injections. Previous study demonstrated thermal hyperalgesia accelerates development of tachyphylaxis to sciatic nerve blockade in rats, while MK-801 prevents development of tachyphylaxis. Dextromethorphan is one of NMDA receptor antagonist similar to MK-801. A hypothesis that dextromethorphan would prevent the development of tachyphylaxis was tested in this study. A catheter was surgically implanted along the sciatic nerve a in rat. After recovery from surgery, the animal received repeated injections of 3% 2-chloroprocaine followed by motor block testing with or without hot-plate testing at $56^{\circ}C$. In other experiments, dextromethorphan was administrered by intraperiotneal injection prior to an injection of local anesthetic therough the implanted catheter. Sensory and motor testing was then carried out. Rats injected with 2-chloroprocaine and subjected to hot-plate testing, developed tachyphylaxis to motor and sensory blockade. However, animals pretreated with dextromethorphan did not develop tachyphylaxis over series of three injections. Dextromethorphan seems to prevent development of tachyphylaxis to sciatic nerve blockade in this rat model. Dextromethorphan, one of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, can be applied to prolong the effect of local anesthetic.