• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 2012

Background: Bell's palsy is the most common disease of cranial nerve. While most electrodiagnostic tests can detect the abnormality of facial nerve several days later in Bell's palsy, blink reflex usually reveals the abnormality earlier than other tests. Therefore, we investigated the diagnostic usefulness of blink reflex in the early stage of Bell's palsy. Methods: We performed a prospective investigation in patients with facial palsy. We enrolled patients with Bell's palsy who were evaluated within 7 days of symptom onset and excluded patients with secondary causes of facial palsy. We analyzed the findings of blink reflex according to age, sex, evaluation time, and severity of facial palsy. Results: Of 320 consecutive patients with facial palsy, a total of 204 patients were enrolled. Blink reflex was normal for 10 patients and abnormal for 194 patients. The time interval between the symptom onset and the evaluation time was not associated with the result of blink reflex, but House-Brackmann grade was significantly related to the result of blink reflex (P<0.001). Patients with mild Bell's palsy often showed normal blink reflex. Conclusions: Our study shows that blink reflex is useful diagnostic test regardless of evaluation timing in the early stage of Bell's palsy, although it could be normal in patients with mild Bell's palsy.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2015

We proposed blink based online speller for the locked-in syndrome (LIS) patients, paralyzed in nearly all voluntary muscles expect for the eyes, with a simple and easy-to-use eye blink detection glasses. Electrooculogram (EOG) is the golden standard method of eye movement or blink measurement with Ag/AgCl electrodes. However, this method has several drawbacks such as skin irritation and dehydration of conductive gel. To resolve the shortcomings, we used a blink detection system based on a transparent capacitively coupled electrode, which is conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films. The films make it possible to measure eye blink without direct skin contact and obstruction of field of view. We finally developed user-friendly blink based online speller with the blink detection system. To classify voluntary and non-voluntary blink, we used the double blink for command of the speller. The online speller experiment result with six healthy subjects shows that mean accuracy is 98.96% and letter per minute (LPM) is 4.73, which are better result by comparison with conventional P300 or auditory brain-computer interface (BCI) paradigm. The result of the experiment demonstrates the possibility of applying the proposed system as a communication method for the LIS patients.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.391-398
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• 2012

The conventional blink reflex has limited clinical application since it displays a wide range of change in the responses. Thus, we studied the blink reflex using the averaging process which is engaged in evoked potential studies in order to measure various responses such as latency, amplitude, and duration, which have been difficult to measure due to their wide ranges of changes. Among the Bell's palsy patient group, 13 patients who had the symptoms of incomplete palsy were examined to assess the results of the blink reflex through the averaging process. The subjects were 54 people in a normal group (108 eyes) and 18 patients (36 eyes) with Bell's palsy. For the study method, the conventional blink reflex and the blink reflex using the averaging process were measured for the people in the normal group, while in the Bell's palsy group, only the blink reflex using the averaging process was analyzed. In the case of the normal group, the blink reflex using the averaging process could measure all of the latency, amplitude, and duration. It was also observed that the latency, amplitude, and duration of R1, ipsilateral R2, and contralateral R2 significantly differed on the affected side of the Bell's palsy patients, compared to the unaffected side. The blink reflex using the averaging process should be more effective than the conventional method since the former can evaluate the latency, amplitude, and duration for Bell's palsy, while the latter can only assess latency.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.94-102
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• 2011

본 논문은 눈 깜박임 패턴을 이용한 새로운 졸음 검출 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 유한오토마타를 이용한 졸음 검출 모델을 제안하여 눈감은 상태를 나타내는 입력 심벌의 개수만을 체크함으로써 눈 깜박임, 졸음, 수면 검출을 용이하게 하였다. 또한 수평 투영 히스토그램의 특성을 이용하여 눈동자가 있는 영역만을 구해 수직 투영 히스토그램을 취함으로써 눈썹이나 안경테와 같은 외부 영향을 최소화 시켜 정확도를 높였다. ZJU 눈 깜박임 데이터베이스를 이용한 눈 깜박임 검출 실험 결과 93% 이상의 정확도를 얻음으로써 제안된 방법의 우수함을 보였다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2002

정상 한국인 청년 60명(남 30명, 여 30명)의 시각활동 및 환경요인에 따른 순목을 측정하였다. 남 여 각각의 자발적 blink rate는 $19.2{\pm}2.0/min$과 $18.7{\pm}2.0/min$이었고 남자가 약간 더 많았다. 여성에서 contact lens 착용에 따른 blink rate 및 남 여의 시력에 따른 blink rale의 차이는 없었다. 자발적 순목은 시각활동 및 바람과 같은 환경조건에 따라 변하였으나 빛의 세기에 따라서는 유의성 있는 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 주시의 강도가 강할수록 자발적 순목회수는 평상시보다 낮은 반면 바람의 세기가 강할수록 자발적 순목회수는 평상시보다 높았다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.559-566
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• 2020

Background Infraorbital nerve dysfunction is commonly reported after zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. We evaluated sensory changes in four designated areas (eyelid, nose, zygoma, and lip) innervated by the infraorbital nerve. This evaluation was conducted using the static two-point discrimination test and the vibration threshold test. We assessed the diagnostic significance of the blink reflex in patients with infraorbital nerve dysfunction. Methods This study included 18 patients, all of whom complained of some degree of infraorbital nerve dysfunction preoperatively. A visual analog scale, the infraorbital blink reflex, static two-point discrimination, and the vibration threshold were assessed preoperatively, at 1 month postoperatively (T1), and at a final follow-up that took place at least 4 months postoperatively (T4). The results were analyzed using a multilevel generalized linear mixed model. Results Scores on the visual analog scale significantly improved at T1 and T4. The infraorbital blink reflex significantly improved at T4. Visual analog scale scores improved more rapidly than the infraorbital blink reflex. Two-point discrimination significantly improved in all areas at T4, and the vibration perception threshold significantly improved in the eyelid at T4. Conclusions Recovery of the infraorbital blink reflex reflected the recovery of infraorbital nerve dysfunction. We also determined that the lip tended to recover later than the other areas innervated by the infraorbital nerve.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2014

Generally, human eye blinks are closely associated with the cognitive state or visual attention such as attentional requirements on visual stimuli. These previous studies have reported that eye blinks are related to explicit visual attention using blink rate, pattern and blink timing across subjects. However, these results have been obtained in a well-controlled experimental settings. So, it would prove difficult to investigate human's natural response in a continuous and realistic situation. In our study, we measured the eye blink intervals while participants viewed a movie clip. And we analyzed the blink interval data for relationship between visual attention and eye blink intervals. 24 participants took part in two experimental sessions, first session to measure the IEBI while viewing the movie clip and second session to conduct a memory performance test using a self-questionnaire, which were spaced 3 weeks apart. The results indicate significantly higher memory performance at long IEBI period than short IEBI period while watching a movie clip(t = 3.257, df = 17, p < 0.005, 2-tailed). In addition, memory performance score significantly correlated with the IEBI value(spearman's rho = 0.40, N = 36, p < 0.01, 2-tailed). Our results suggest that IEBI is used to measure or assess visual attention while wiewing the movie that it is capable of simulating aspects of real-life experiences by visual attention. Thus, we expect IEBI to be used to measure or assess our visual attention, cognition, further emotion about not only movies, advertisements and other cultural contents but also cognitive science.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.88-92
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• 2005

Blink reflex could be a useful tool to differentiate facial synkinesis as one of complications of facial neuropathy, from volitional associated movements. We had performed applied blink reflex test for 23 patients with objective evidence of hemifacial weakness in which orbicularis oculi muscle(zygomatic branch) and mentalis muscle(mandibular branch) are electrophysiologically evaluated in response to supraorbital stimulation of trigeminal nerve. For an unaffected side of face there is no evidence of positive blink reflex from the mentalis muscle. We concluded that a positive blink reflex from mentalis muscle is almost always suggestive of chronic facial neuropathy even in clinical silence of facial synkinesis, or an aberrant reinnervation after peripheral facial neuropathy, and does not electrophysiologically correlate with the severity of facial palsy.

• 감성과학
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2017

주의 깜박임이란 RSVP상에서 두 개 이상의 표적을 탐지할 때 먼저 제시 된 표적(T1)에 대해서는 정확성이 높지만 이후 500ms 이내의 표적(T2)에 대해서는 체계적으로 수행이 저하되는 현상을 말한다. 이를 설명하는 이론들은 주의용량결핍 모형과 주의여과지연 모형으로 분류할 수 있다. 한편, 시각적 주의 용량은 좌우 시각영역에서 독립적으로 작용하는 반시야 독립성으로 인해 다양한 과제에서 양측영역이득이 나타난다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 주의 용량의 반시야 독립성을 이용하여 주의 깜박임을 설명하는 두 갈래의 이론을 검증하였다. 실험 1은 T1과 T2를 포함하는 두 개의 RSVP를 양쪽 시야 영역에 나누어 제시하거나 한쪽 시야 영역에 제시하여 주의 깜박임과 양측영역이득간의 상호작용을 검증하였다. 실험 2는 하나의 RSVP에서 T1을 제거함으로써 양쪽 시야 영역에 T1과 T2가 독립된 주의용량을 사용할 때에도 주의 깜박임이 나타나는지 확인하였다. 그 결과 두 개의 RSVP를 양쪽 시야 영역에 나누어 제시하였을 때 더 우수한 수행을 보여주었으나 (즉, 양측영역이득) 주의 깜박임과 양측영역이득의 상호작용은 나타나지 않았다. 또한, T1이 제시되지 않은 RSVP의 T2에서도 주의 깜박임 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이 결과들은 주의 깜박임에 대한 주의여과지연 모형을 지지한다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.13-16
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• 2014

This study aims to examine the effects of watching 2D and 3D images on the blink rate. Regarding the image watch, their blink rate for 2D and 3D images was separately checked for 1 minute in the 1m distance, before the watch, after 15 minutes of watch, and after 30 minutes of watch. About the change of their blink rate in the 2D image watch, it tended to become higher than that before watching the image; however, there was no statistical significance (paired t-test, p=0.106, p=0.062). And in the 2D image watch, it tended to increase in comparison between after 15 minutes and after 30 minutes, but there was no statistical significance (paired t-test, p=0.623). Meanwhile, about the change of their blink rate in the 3D image watch, it tended to decrease statistically significantly both after 15 minutes and after 30 minutes when compared with that before watching the image (paired t-test, p=0.000, p=0.000). In the 3D image watch, it tended to increase in comparison between after 15 minutes and after 30 minutes; however, there was no statistical significance (paired t-test, p=0.867).