• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.500-505
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of the steeping condition and salinity stress on the quality properties of germinated black soybean. The absorbed water content increased drastically in six hours with the increase in the steeping time and the temperature. The pH decreased as the steeping temperature increased. A gradual increase in the dissolution of the anthocyanin was observed with the steeping time. The adequate steeping conditions were found to have been six hours at $25^{\circ}C$, which showed the needed absorbed water content within a short time. The germination percentage of the black soybeans decreased with the increase in the NaCl concentration. The pinitol and total phenolics contents showed the highest values under the concentrations of 0.7% and 0.3-0.5% NaCl, respectively. The flavonoid content was highest at the 0.1% NaCl concentration. Consequently, the salinity stress during the germination of the black soybeans enhanced the pinitol content and lowered the blood sugar, which gives it an advantage as a functional food material.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.312-312
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• 2017

The study was conducted to select optimal materials for promoting germination rate, high sprouting vigor by priming treatment using PEG 6000 (water potential -0.5 to 2.0 Mpa) and Azolla extracts (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0%) extracted by ethanol, distilled, and/or hot water in colored rice cultivars. Each rice seed (three black rice cultivars and two red rice cultivars) was soaked 24 and 48 hr including untreated control. In black rice, Joseongheugchal rice cultivar, azolla ethanol extract (0.1%) induced highest germination rate, germination speed was taken to 5 days in distilled water and to 3days in Azolla extracts extracted hot water. Otherwise, degree of bacterial inhibition (number of colony, $10^3cfu$) in dry seed, water soaking for 24hr, soaking with fungicide for 24hr and 48hr, soaking with fungicide and aeration for 24hr and 48 hr was 22, 500, 95, and 0.46, respectively. In order to minimize fungal inhibition, a method can be chosen to combination of soaking fungicide and aeration for 48 hr. In seed priming treatments using growth pouch, seed soaking with fungicide did not affect change of germination percentage and germination speed, it delayed only 2 or 4day in the Joseongheugchal rice cultivar. It differs from rice cultivars and priming materials, Azolla extract(0.1 to 1%) promotes seed germination percentage in the Ilpum, Hongjinju, and Joseonghuegchal, in addition, germination in Jeogjinju cultivar was only promoted by PEG solution(10 to 20%), otherwise, it showed much lower or inhibited on the germination in Heugjinju and Sinmyungheugchal rice cultivars. In a paddy field trial, seedling establishment rate by applying PEG6000 and azolla extract did not show significantly statistical difference. When it compared with untreated control, seedling establishment rate was increased over 50% in priming treatments. Interestingly, seedling establishment rate under azolla extract (0.1%) extracted with ethanol was promoted over 2.5 times compared to the control in a black rice, Joseongheugchal and red rice, Jeogjinju.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 1980

White and black sesame produced in Korea were defatted with ethyl ether or n-hexane. Defatted sesame meal was extracted with water and salt solution, and protein extraction was precipitated at various pH 1 through 12, with trichloro acetic acid (TCA), tannic acid and ammonium sulfate, respectively. Protein was purified by Sephadex A-25, G-75, G-100 and G-200, and identified its protein fraction by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acids composition of protein in white sesame was analyzed by automatic amino acid analyzer. Protein contents of white sesame, black sesame and sesame meal are 20.5%, 19.2%, and 44.7%, respectively. n-Hexane was the most suitable solvent for extraction of oil from sesame. Crude protein precipitation was better in higher pH. The protein extraction was more effective with the solution containing sodium chloride tinder the pH 8. Globulin in total protein was high and prolamin was less than in other cereal proteins. Glutamic acid contents of white sesame and sesame globulin were 17.1%, and 20%, respectively. Both proteins contained relatively high levels of essential amino acids. 12-13 bands were found in water soluble protein and 2 bands in salt soluble protein were detected by the disc gel electrophoresis, and were identified in both of white and black sesame. The salt soluble protein of white sesame could be purified by Sephadee G-100 and G-200.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2001

This research was carried out to develop the Hanji(Korean paper) sludge wood particle composite utilizing the waste sludges occurring from the making process of Hanji(Korean paper). In the research, four mixing ratios of white or black sludge to wood particle(10:90, 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60), three types of the resin adhesives(PMDI, urea and phenol resin) and three levels of the densities(0.60, 0.75 and 0.90) were designed to investigate the physical properties of Hanji(Korean paper) sludge wood particle composite. The linear expansion of Hanji(Korean paper) sludge wood particle composite was not always increased, compared to control boards. For thickness swelling, PMDI-bonded composites had the lowest value, and thickness swelling of composite was generally decreased with the increase of Hanji sludge. The water absorption of white sludge wood particle composite had no tendency, hut that of black sludge wood particle composite was decreased with an increase of mixing ratio of Hanji sludge.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.148-155
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• 1992

For the enhancement of the concrete durability, we developed high - durable portland cement (ACTPC) by physical treatment of ordinary portland cement with asphalt and carbon black. In this research, the hydration reaction characteristics of ACTPC were studied by using SEM, X-Ray, Conduction Micro Calolimeter etc. When the ACTPC is mixed with water, it is believed the asphalt films on cement particles suppress the early stage of hydration reactions of cements, because the films hinder the contact with water and the elusion of soluble ions from particles. But the carbon blacks on the cement particles accelerated the hydration reactions of cement after a while, because the micro particles can be used as seed crystals in $CaO-SiO_2-H_2O$ gel formation.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1999

The effects of two-step fixation of steaming and baking on the dischargeability of cotton fabrics dyed with C.I. Reactive Black 5(Bl-5) were investigated when the concentrations of $K_2CO_3$ and benzaldehyde sodium bisulfite(BASB) were increased over 120/kg. Remarkably increased dischargeability resulted from baking for 3 min or more at 160t after steaming for 8 min or more at $102^\circ{C}$, but 120g/kg or more amounts of $K_2CO_3$ and BASB(50%) had little influence on dischargeability. Therefore the discharge mechanism can be suggested that covalent bonds between cellulose and Bl-5 undergo $S_N2$ attack by hydroxide ion formed by the reaction of $K_2CO_3$ and water in steaming at $102^\circ{C}$ first and then, through transition states they are cleavaged in baking at 160t to yield hydrolyzed Bl-S and compounds of BASB and Bl-5 isolated from fiber, which are undyeable and removed by washing. The effect of urea, one of the hydrotrope agents, on discharge printing was also studied. The result which dischargeability was greatly improved by increasing the steaming time from 8 min to 15 min at $102^\circ{C}$ or by increasing the amount of urea obviously shows that water in steaming and urea in print paste play an important role in discharge printing. And as an increase of the baking time from 5 min to 7 min at $160^\circ{C}$ makes it possible to improve dischargeability, it is once more confirmed that high temperature of about 160t is exactly required to discharge the dyed Bl-5. The colored discharge printing demands a more amount of urea because urea contributes to the putting color fixation as well as the discharge reaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1985

The author carried out experiments to find out the response of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (TEMMINCK et SCHLEGEL) and sea bass, Epinephelus septemfasciatus (THUNBERG) to the color nettings. The experimental water tank(180L$\times$50W$\times$55Hcm) was set up n a dark room and water level was maintained 50cm high from the bottom. The tank was devided three longitudinal sections marking 60 cm interval. The illumination systems, consisted of 20 watt fluorescent lamps and filter, were suspended adove the tank. Two different color nettings selected from five colors (red, yellow, green, blue, black) were placed in each end section of the tank. Ten fish were used in each experiment and the fish were acclimatized in the dark for 60 minutes before experiment. After the light on, the number of fish in each section of the tank was counted in every 30 seconds interval for 30 minutes. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The rock bream selected the color nettings in the order of yellow, black, blue, green and red. 2. The sea bass selected the color nettings in the order of green, black, red, blue and yellow.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.689-695
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical and adsorptive characteristics of black carbon (BC) materials for cesium in case of severe nuclear accidents. The BC was prepared with a xylem of oak and pine trees incompletely combusted with different ramp rate and final temperature. Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atomic ratios, BET, pore structure, and zeta potential were characterized for the produced BC. A low cesium concentration ($C_w{\approx}10^{-7}M$) was used for sorption batch experiments. The H/C and O/C ratios of BC decreased with the increase of final temperature, which indicates a carbonization of the wood materials regardless of ramp rate and tree species. However, SEM images showed different pore structures depending on tree species such as steric and plate-like for oak-BC and pine-BC, respectively. The greatest sorption distribution coefficients of $K_{d,Cs}{\approx}1,200{\sim}1,800L\;kg^{-1}$ were observed for the oak-BC produced at $400^{\circ}C$, while comparatively low $K_{d,Cs}$ < $100L\;kg^{-1}$ for pine-BC. In addition, the sorption capabilities of BC declined with the increase of combustion temperature up to $600^{\circ}C$, because high temperature destroyed surface functionalities with the rise of ash components in the BC. Therefore, the sorption processes of BC for radioactive cesium are predominantly controlled by final production temperature of BC as well as raw materials (e.g., tree species).

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2018

Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is widely used in tire treads due to its excellent abrasion resistance, braking performance, and reasonable cost. Depending on the polymerization method, SBR is classified into solution-polymerized SBR (SSBR) and emulsion-polymerized SBR (ESBR). ESBR is less expensive and environmentally friendlier than SSBR because it uses water as a solvent. A higher molecular weight is also easier to obtain in ESBR, which has advantages in mechanical properties and tire performance. In ESBR polymerization, a surfactant is added to create an emulsion system with a hydrophobic monomer in the water phase. However, some amount of surfactant remains in the ESBR during coagulation, making the polymer chains in micelles clump together. As a result, it is well-known that residual surfactant adversely affects the physical properties of silica-filled ESBR compounds. However, researches about the effect of residual surfactant on the physical properties of ESBR are lacking. Therefore, in this study we compared the effects of remaining surfactant in ESBR on the mechanical properties of silica-filled and carbon black-filled compounds. The crosslinking density and filler-rubber interaction are also analyzed by using the Flory-Rehner theory and Kraus equation. In addition, the effects of surfactant on the mechanical properties and crosslinking density are compared with the effects of TDAE oil (a conventional processing aid).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.350-361
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• 2020

Background: Black ginseng (BG) is a type of Korean ginseng prepared by steaming and drying raw ginseng to improve the saponin content. This study examined the effects of BG on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in HepG2 cells and diet-induced obese mice. Methods: HepG2 cells were treated with free fatty acids to induce lipid accumulation before supplementation with BG. NAFLD-induced mice were fed different doses (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) of BG for 8 weeks. Results: BG significantly reduced lipid accumulation and expression of lipogenic genes, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and fatty acid synthase in HepG2 cells, and the livers of mice fed a 45% high-fat diet with 10% fructose in the drinking water (HFHF diet). BG supplementation caused a significant reduction in levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, while antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly increased in 45% high-fat diet with 10% fructose in the drinking water diet-fed mice. Expression of proliferator-activated receptor alpha and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I were upregulated at the transcription and translation levels in both HepG2 cells and diet-induced obese mice. Furthermore, BG-induced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl CoA carboxylase in both models, suggesting its role in AMP-activated protein kinase activation and the acetyl CoA carboxylase signaling pathway. Conclusion: Our results indicate that BG may be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of NAFLD.