• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.42-46
• /
• 2004

Each pigments were obtained by ethyl alcohol extraction method, blue and yellow pigment from Gardenia as well as dark brown pigment from Kaoliang. Concentration of these pigments are all 60 Brix, the extraction yields were 0.68, 1.97, 0.63 ％(w/w), respectively. Oil soluble natural black pigment (OSNBP) was composed of soybean oil, water, emulsifier, Gardenia blue and yellow, Kaoliang dark brown etc. Blending ratio of these was 8: 22: 42: 10: 15: 13 (w/w), this mixture was carried out homogenized. Solubility of this OSNBP in soybean oil was appeared the maximum level at about 30∼40$^{\circ}C$ range. OSNBP solubilized black oil was not reseparated at below 20$^{\circ}C$.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.153-160
• /
• 2011

To evaluate the whitening effect of black tea water extract (BT), BT was topically applied to artificially hyperpigmented spots on the back skins of brown guinea-pigs (weight: 450~500 g) induced by 1,500 mJ/$cm^2$ of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. The test compounds of 30 ${\mu}l$ were applied twice a day, six days a week, for four weeks. The artificially hyperpigmented spots were divided into 5 groups: control (UVB + saline, C), vehicle control [UVB + propylene glycol: ethanol: water (5 : 3 : 2), VC], positive control (UVB + 2% hydroquinone, PC), experimental 1 (UVB + 1% BT), experimental 2 (UVB + 2% BT). After 4-week application, the spots were removed by biopsy punch under anesthetic condition and used as specimens for the histological examination. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of BT were 104 and 91 mg/g, respectively. The electron-donating ability of BT revealed a dose-dependent response, showing the excellent capacities of 86% at 800 ${\mu}g$/ml. The artificially hyperpigmented spots treated with the PC and BT were obviously lightened compared to the C and VC groups. At the fourth week, the melanin indices for the PC and BT groups were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those of the C and VC groups. In histological examination, PC and BT groups were significantly reduced in the melanin pigmentation, the proliferation of melanocytes and the synthesis of melanosomes compared to the C and VC groups. It is found that BT inhibits the proliferation of melanocytes and synthesis of melanosomes in vivo using brown guinea pigs, thereby showing a definite skin whitening effect.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.333-338
• /
• 2011

Black ginseng (BG) has been widely used as herbal treatment for improving physiological function. In order to investigate the neuroprotective action of this herbal medicine, we examined the influence of BG on the learning and memory of rats using the Morris water maze, and we studied the effects of BG on the central cholinergic system and neural nitric oxide synthesis in the hippocampus of rats with neuronal and cognitive impairment. After middle cerebral artery occlusion was applied for 2h, the rats were administered BG (100 or 400 $mgkg^{-1}$, p.o.) daily for 2 weeks, followed by training and performance of the Morris water maze test. The rats with ischemic insults showed impaired learning and memory on the tasks. Treatment with BG produced improvement in the escape latency to find the platform. Further, the BG groups showed a reduced loss of cholinergic immunoreactivity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-positive neurons in the hippocampus compared to that of the ISC group. These results demonstrated that BG has a protective effect against ischemia-induced neuronal and cognitive impairment. Our results suggest that BG might be useful for the treatment of vascular dementia.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.30-39
• /
• 2024

Black chestnut (BC) was obtained through aging of fresh chestnut (FC) at 80℃ for 15 days. Proximate and mineral compositions along with colors of FC and BC were evaluated. With aging, moisture contents decreased by 50%, whereas sugar contents, carbohydrate contents, and calories increased. Contents of minerals (Fe, P, Ca, Na, Mg, K) were significantly higher in FC than in BC, showing an order of Mg < Ca < P < K in both FC and BC. Using a Hunter color system, it was found that lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) values of FC were higher than those of BC. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of hot water and ethanol (50, 80, 100%) extracts prepared from FC and BC were evaluated. Extraction yields were lower with FC than with BC. Among water and ethanol extracts, water extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity for both FC and BC. IC₅₀ values for ABTS+ radical scavenging activities increased after aging. Cytotoxicities of FC and BC extracts were similar to each other. They were different against various cell lines (3T3, HeLa, and Sarcoma-180). These results suggest that BC could be used as a new processed food using chestnut.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.587-601
• /
• 1997

This study had three purposes: (1) to investigate the enrichment levels and dispersion patterns of potentially toxic elements in the rock-soil-plant system; (2) to evaluate the uptake ratios of heavy metals from soils into plants and (3) to assess the chemical speciation of heavy metals in soils. Rock, surface soil and plant samples were collected in the Boeun area underlain by black shales of the Okchon Zone. These samples were analyzed for multi-elements using INAA, ICP-AES and AAS. The maximum abundance of U in black shales is 16 mg/kg and radioactivity counts up to 300 cpm. In particular, Mo, V, Ba, Cd, Pb and U are enriched in black shales. Most of soils derived from black shales show high concentrations of U, As, Mo, Ba, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and mean concentrations of As and Mo in soils (20 mg/kg of As and 6.6 mg/kg of Mo) are higher than the permissible level suggested by Kloke (1979). Enrichment index values of soils are calculated and higher than 1.0 in the black shale area with the highest value of 6.4. Mean concentration of Cd in plants is higher than those of Cu, Pb and Zn. The concentration of Cd in plant species decreases in the order of Chinese cabbage > red pepper > soybean=sesame > rice stalk > com > rice grain. The biological absorption coefficients (BAC) in plants are in the order of Cd > Zn=Cu > Pb, which suggests that Cd is more bioavailable to plants than Cu, Pb and Zn. From the results of sequential extraction analysis of soils, relatively high proportion of Cu, Pb and Zn are present as residual fractions whereas that of Cd as non-residual fractions. Cadmuim occurs predominantly as exchangeable/water-acid soluble phase in soils, and Cd is more mobile and bioavailable than Cu, Pb and Zn.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.14-18
• /
• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate food value and profitability of black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) cultured in freshwater. In fish flesh, muscular hardness of black porgy reared in freshwater $(9210{\pm}1215g/cm^2)$ was slightly lower than those of fish in seawater $(9987{\pm}6549g/cm^2)$, but there was no significant difference. Also, there was no difference between muscular strength of fish reared in freshwater and seawater. When the flesh qualities of black porgy reared in freshwater was compared with those of fish reared in seawater through the questionnaire, there were no significant differences between fish reared in freshwater and seawater in appearance, texture, taste and flavor. For 10 months of black porgy culture in fresh water, the gross profit in culturing from juvenile (5.5 g) to adult size (100g), and from adult to marketable size (400 g) were 24,000,000 won (30.0%) and 53,870,000 won (36.9%), respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.237-247
• /
• 2010

This research was carried out to examine the properties of black charcoal board, in order to find the proper manufacturing condition for the black charcoal-board made of the charcoal. The charcoal in this study was distillated from domestic wood waste, and it were also the purpose of this study to see if the black charcoal-board has the advantageous properties of charcoal as a well-being building material against the sick house problem. Domestic wood waste was consisted of MDF 40%, PB 30%, plywood 15% and wood 15%, respectively. Black charcoal board was produced by hot pressing with following conditions; temperature $170^{\circ}C$, three stage pressing cycle of $40-10-40\;kgf/cm^2$(1min.-2.5min.-5min.) and non formaldehyde adhesives [P15%+M5%:MDI(M), poly vinyl acetate emulsion(P). Fine mixed particle size [#6-12(16.9%), #12-18(16.7%), #12-40(47.2%), #40-60(9.5%), #60-100(5.9%), less than #100(3.8%)] gave better results than larger particle size [over #6(33.8%), #12-18(17.7%), #12-40(37.7%), #40-60(6.4%), #60-100(2.6%), less than #100(1.8%)]. Final moisture content of the mat was best at 36%. Black charcoal-board showed less MOR and IB(internal bond), more WA(water absorption) than that of white charcoal-board. Black charcoal board showed not only the same gas adsorption and dimensional stability as white charcoal board but also good cutting, nailing and drilling for indoor environment systems.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibilities of blending carbon black, which is known for its permeability as well as its strong heat and fire resistance, into concrete, in a manner that reinforces its strengths mentioned above. Experiments show that in non-solidified, fresh-mixed concrete, the addition of carbon black effectively reduced slump level and air content due to its absorptiveness and minute particle size. It also showed good results in terms of coagulation time, penetration resistance and bleeding level. In solid concrete, it showed better strength than plain concrete. Due to the pozzolanic reaction, its strength became more pronounced over time. At approximately 850 degrees Celsius, the heat and fire resistance level increased in parallel to the level of chemical substitution (by carbon black). Drying shrinkage level appeared to be optimal, and environmental assessment test results related to CO, CO2 and formaldehyde also scored better than plain concrete. In summary, with the appropriate use of AE water-reducing agents, carbon black can prove to be a strong candidate as an ingredient for industry-grade concrete.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2015

This study investigated the clinical parameters of atopic dermatitis and evaluated the inhibitory effects of Black currant seed oil for atopic dermatitis by using a Dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) induced BALB/c mice model. Five-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: normal group (N, non-treated), control group (C, atopic dermatitis-induced), positive control group (PC, Tacrolimus ointment-treated against induced atopic dermatitis, PC), experiment group (E, Black currant seed oil-treated against induced atopic dermatitis). After induction of atopic dermatitis by DNCB, the erythema, edema, eschar, and scratching were severely observed. The symptoms of atopic dermatitis were improved after 2 weeks, and almost disappeared after 4 weeks in PC and E group. The increased frequencies of scratching in C group were decreased in PC and E group. Transepidermal water loss, erythema index and serum IgE level were significantly decreased in E and PC compared to that in C after 4 weeks of the treatment. The results indicated that Black currant seed oil can relieve atopic dermatitis symptoms effectively, and may be possibly used as a functional material for suppression of atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.157-166
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The effects of water extract and distillate from the mixture of black goat meat and medicinal herb on MG-63 osteoblast proliferation and mouse bone marrow derived osteoclast formation were investigated. Methods: Proximate composition, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), mineral content, free amino acid composition and free fatty acid composition in black goat meat were determined. Water extract and distillate were prepared with three groups; goat meat only (BG-E, BG-D), six herbs added group (BG-E6, BG-D6), and eight herbs added group (BG-E8, BG-D8). Osteoblast proliferation, mineralization and calcium uptake activity of MG-63 cells were measured and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity of osteoclasts was analyzed. Results: Black goat meat had remarkably low fat and high level of calcium. Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid. Herbs added extract groups (BG-E6 and BG-E8) showed increased MG-63 cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner, while all the distillates did not show the effect. All extracts and distillates showed significantly increased osteoblast mineralization depending on the concentration. In particular, herb added extract, BG-E6, increased 170.3% of control and the distillate of BG-D and BG-D6 increased up to 168.5% and 159.8%, respectively. Calcium uptake activities of all water extracts showed remarkable increase of BG-E6 and BG-E8 up to 615.5% and 628.1% of control, respectively. Ditillates had no effect except BG-D6. All water extracts significantly reduced the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in osteoclasts derived from mouse bone marrow. Conclusion: Combination of black goat meat and medicinal herb increased the MG-63 cell proliferation and effectively inhibited osteoclast differentiation in both water extracts and distillate of them, which implies that they could be used as potent functional food materials for bone health.