• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1899-1907
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• 2013

We investigated the effects of unripe black raspberry water extract (UBR-W) and oxidation-LDL treatment on cholesterol levels. Experiments using an established human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) showed a time-dependent increase in expression of LDL receptor after UBR-W treatment. Expression of LDL receptor-related genes, such as SREBP1 and 2, increased upon UBR-W treatment. However, expression of HDL-related genes was unaffected by UBR-W. HMG-CoA reductase activity was reduced by UBR-W treatment, whereas HMG-CoA mRNA expression significantly increased. In addition, the ApoB/ApoA1 mRNA level, which is a predictor of cardiovascular risk, was reduced in a time-dependent manner by UBR-W treatment. Macrophage-like cells (RAW 264.7) showed increased expression of ox-LDL-related genes, such as CD36, scavenger receptor-A, adipophilin, and PPAR-gamma, upon ox-LDL treatment compared to untreated control cells, and quantitative lipid analysis indicated a dramatic increase in lipid accumulation. However, UBR-W treatment significantly reduced expression of ox-LDL-related genes and largely prevented lipid accumulation. The results indicate that UBR-W mediates a cholesterol-lowering effect via inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and induction of LDL uptake through SREBP.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.474-482
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• 2016

The black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) contains anthocyanin, tannins, gallotannin, gallic acid, ferulic acid and phenolics. It brightens the eyes and protects the liver and kidneys. It was effective for anti-aging. Thus, the purpose of this study was to inform the excellence of black raspberry and to screen antioxidant activity to ensure the possibility as a functional material. In this study, bioactive compounds in black raspberry were determined. Additionally, black raspberry was extracted by CM (chloroform:methanol, 2:1, v/v), 70% methanol and 70% ethanol, and were investigated and compared in vitro methods. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured to compare each different solvents. In addition, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, reducing power were determined to measure the antioxidant activity. The results were the highest in 70% ethanol extracts, and the higher the concentration showed a significantly higher antioxidant capacity. When observed the relationship between the study, antioxidant activity of black raspberry was supposed to affect by the anthocyanin, phenol and flavonoid contents.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2013

The fruit of the black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) has been employed in traditional medicine, and recent studies have demonstrated its measureable biological activities. However, the root of the black raspberry has not been studied. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of the root and unripe fruit polyphenols of the black raspberry. Both polyphenols proved to have anti-inflammatory activity as evidenced by the decreased nitric oxide (NO), cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-10) and prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. However, root polyphenols showed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than fruit polyphenols. LPS-induced mRNA and protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 levels were also decreased, confirming the anti-inflammatory activity. Root polyphenols showed lethal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and Bacillus anthracis. In contrast, the black raspberry fruit did not demonstrate these properties. These data provide the first demonstration that black raspberry root has potential anti-inflammatory and anti-superbacterial properties that can be exploited as alternatives for use in the food and cosmetic industries and/or as pharmaceuticals.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.792-799
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• 2014

This study was conducted to determine the optimal conditions of acetic acid fermentation of aronia using the response surface methodology (RSM). Alcohol content of aronia wine was 13.1% after alcohol fermentation of aronia fruits. The optimal conditions of acetic acid fermentation were determined by five levels of initial aronia alcohol content, initial acetic acid content, and acetic acid bacteria, using the central composite design. The acetic acid yields, residual alcohol contents, pH, and color values (L, a, b) of acetic acid fermentation products were very significantly different ($p{\leq}0.01$), and were 26.34~57.82 g/L, 0.80~1.53%, 3.19~3.43, 47.58~71.00, 31.77~51.15, and 18.45~48.57, respectively. For the results, the optimal conditions of acetic acid fermentation of aronia were 7.78% of the initial alcohol concentration, 1.58% of the initial acetic acid, and 19.39% of the acetic acid bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.592-601
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• 2015

Rubus coreanus is known as Korean black raspberry, native to Korea, Japan, and China. Preliminary studies evaluating their potential for cancer treatment in mammalian test systems are ongoing. In recent years, interest has been renewed due to their high levels of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins in black raspberry are important due to their potential health benefits as dietary antioxidant, anti-inflammatory compound, and as a chemopreventive agent. In the present study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae BA29 was isolated from black raspberry fruit and fruit juice as a biogenic amine non-producing strain for manufacturing of black raspberry wine, after which we investigated its characteristics: biogenic amine-producing ability, cell growth ability, alcohol-fermentation ability, and resistance to alcohol, glucose, and sulfur dioxide. Based on preliminary experiments, we optimized culture medium compositions for improving dried cell weight of S. cerevisiae BA29 by response surface methodology (RSM) as a statistical method. Design for RSM used a central composite design, and molasses with the industrial applicability was used as a carbon source. Through statistical analysis, we obtained optimum values as follows: molasses 200 g/L, peptone 30 g/L, and yeast extract 40 g/L. For the model verification, we confirmed about 3-fold improvement of dried cell weight from 6.39 to 20.9167 g/L compared to basal yeast peptone dextrose medium. Finally, we manufactured black raspberry wine using S. cerevisiae BA29 and produced alcohol of 20.33%. In conclusion, S. cerevisiae isolated from black raspberry fruit and juices has a great potential in the fermentation of black raspberry wine.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.628-635
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• 2013

We investigated the effects of water extracts of unripe black raspberry (UBR) and red ginseng (RG) on cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase activity, and expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-related genes in HepG2 and Caco-2 (human hepatoma and intestinal cell lines, respectively). Our results showed that cholesterol synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase activity in HepG2 cells were inhibited by UBR and RG. Further, co-treatment with UBR and RG had a greater effect than did treatment with either UBR or RG. In Caco-2 cells, treatment with UBR and RG increased the expression of LDL-regulated genes, such as LDL receptor and SREBP-2, and also upregulated the level of HDL-associated ABCA1. Moreover, co-treatment with UBR and RG appeared to be more effective than treatment with either UBR or RG. Taken together, our results indicate that UBR and RG regulate the level of HDL-associated ABCA1 via signaling pathway, thereby preventing cholesterol synthesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1491-1499
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• 2014

We examined the effects of unripe black raspberry (UBR) and red ginseng (RG) extracts on cholesterol improvement in C57BL/6J mice fed a HCD (high cholesterol diet) for 12 weeks. Hepatic total lipid and total cholesterol contents were significantly induced in hyperlipidemic mice. However, supplementation with UBR, RG and simvastatin effectively reduced these lipid profiles. Further, UBR and co-treatment with UBR and RG increased expression of LDL receptor, SREBP2, and SR-B1 mRNA compared with HCD. The ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was reduced by co-treatment with UBR and RG compared to treatment with UBR. In addition, histopathologic evaluation showed that co-treatment with UBR and RG suppressed lipid accumulation as well as FAS and leptin expression in plasma. These results indicate that co-treatment with UBR and RG may be useful for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.364-372
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• 2015

This study investigated the effects of fermented black raspberry (BR) and red ginseng (RG) extract co-treatment on lipid metabolism and obesity in rats fed with a high fat/high cholesterol diet (HFHCD) for 12 weeks. Compared to the corresponding values in rats fed with a HFHCD, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels increased in rats treated with fermented BR and RG extracts. These extracts significantly increased the expression of HMG-CoA reductase, LDL receptor, and sterol regulatory-element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) mRNA, but decreased the mRNA expression of SREBP-1. Additionally the serum levels of leptin and fatty acid synthase were decreased. Moreover, supplementation with fermented BR and RG effectively increased fecal cholesterol excretion. These results suggest that fermented BR and RG extracts might be effective at preventing hypercholesterolemia and obesity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.489-497
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• 2014

We examined the effects of unripe black raspberry water extract (UBR-W) on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in mice. C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 groups: those administered a control diet (CTL), high-fat diet (HFD), UBR-W and simvastatin for 12 weeks. In the HFD group, LDL cholesterol were significantly higher than in the CTL group. However, the UBR-W treated group showed dose-dependent reduction of plasma LDL levels. Hepatic total lipid, TC, and malondialdehyde were significantly increased in hyperlipidemic mice. However, supplementation with either UBR-W or simvastatin effectively reduced these lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation. UBR-W increased mRNA expression of the LDL receptor, sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) compared to that observed in the HFD group. In addition, UBR-W and simvastatin showed significantly reduced oxidized LDL uptake by the scavenger receptor CD36. These results suggest that UBR-W is useful for treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2008

Adventitious buds appeared within 2 weeks on the base of the petiole explants and increased for two months. A maximum of regeneration (15.6%) was obtained on the medium containing $1.5\;{\mu}M$ TDZ in combination with $1\;{\mu}M$ IBA. To know which explants are the best for the induction of regeneration, three explants such as leaf, petiole and leaf-petiole were used. Among the explant types, the leaf-petiole explant was significantly more effective than leaf and petiole for promoting adventitious shoots, with leaf-petiole inducing at the highest regeneration frequency (33.7%). The regeneration frequency of adventitious shoots in the leaf-petiole explants was significantly affected by leaf size and the position of explants. The leaf-petiole smaller than 5 mm leaf in width was induced at the highest regeneration frequency (68.9%). The smaller leaf sizes, the greater regeneration frequency. Also when the leaves are nearer to the shoot tip, the regeneration frequency is higher. When the rooted micro-shoots were transferred to the soil after growing for 6 weeks in the media, the survival rate was 90%.